1. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facial expression. Do nobody language and facial expression share or lack the distinctive properties of human language?
答：On the whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means OK/YES for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying NO. Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness becau they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.
2. Do you think they are descriptive and prescriptive? What’s your comment on them?
hewlett packard(1)Do not u man to mean humanity in general. U person, people, human beings, men and women, humanity and humankind.
(2)colored: This term is regarded as outdated in the UK and should be avoided as it is generally viewed as offensive to many black people.
(3)civilized : This term can still carry racist overtones which derive from a colonialist perception of the world. It is often associated with social Darwinist thought and is full of implicit value judgments and ignorance of the history of the non-industrialized world.
答：They are undoubtedly descriptive, Guidelines are not rules that can determine whether a ntence is right or not. The guidelines advi you to avoid the u of particular words that are grammatically correct but offensive to some certain groups. Actually, they describe the way antixist advocators speak and write.
3.(1)What organs are involved in speech production?
a perfect indian答：Quite a few human organs are involved in the production of speech: the luns, the trachea, the throat, the no, and the mouth.
(2)Why did George Bernard Shaw say he could spell the word 对接英文‘fish’ as ‘ghotimarine surveycallaway’?
答：This is becau gh is pronounced as [f] in spoon怎么读‘简爱txtenough’, o as [I] in women, and ti as [ʃ] in nation.
(3)How is the description of consonants different from that of vowels?
答：Consonants are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction. By contrast, a vowel is produced without such stricture so that air escapes in a relatively unimpeded way through the mouth or no. The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
(4)To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?
答：Both phonetics and phonology study human speech sounds but they differ in the levels of analysis. Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived. Phonology is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. It aims to discover the principles that govern the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.
(5)’Assimilation is often ud synonymously with coarticulation’. Discuss.
答：Assimilation is a phonological term, often ud synonymously with coarticulation, which is more of a phonetic term. Similarly, there are two possibilities of assimilation: if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound, we call it regressive assimilation; the conver process, in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound, is known as progressive assimilation.
(6)The 裤子英文pronunciation of tell is [tɛ], but that of teller is [tɛlɚ]. Discuss why the phoneme/l/ is realized as [ɛ] and [l] respectively in this situation.
taiki
stink答：The world teller is formed by adding a suffix –er to the ba word tell to form a new word. We are all familiar with the rule that governs the allophones of the phoneme /l/: when preceding a vowel, it is [l] and when following a vowel it is [ɛ]. We notice that tell is a monosyllabic word while teller is disyllabic. In a polysyllabic word, we follow the Maximal Ont Principle for division of syllable. By MOP, the [l] must be placed in the ont position of the cond syllable instead of the coda position of the first syllable. Thus, the phoneme [l] is realized as it should be before the vowel in the cond syllable. The same is true with telling, falling, and many others.
4.The following words contain different forms of the negative prefix in-. Group the data according to the variants and try to determine which kinds of ba word take which kinds of prefix variant and what kind of mechanism is word responsible for the variation. Formulate a rule and then test it against words that are formed in this way but are not mentioned here.
答：There are five groups of words according to their variation on pronunciation: [In]: inharmonic, ingenious, inoffensive, indifferent, inevitable, innumerable; [In] or [Iŋ]: incomprehensible, incompetent, inconsistent; [Im]: impenetrable, impossible, immobile; [Il]: illiterate, illegal, illogical; [Ir]: irresponsible, irresistible, irregular. It is clear that the first sound of the ba word governs the distribution of the variants, becau the final consonant of the prefix in- must assimilate to the first gment of the ba word. As a result of this, we find [Im]before labial consonants like [m] or [p], [Il] before the lateral [I], [Ir] before [r]. When the first consonant of the ba word is the velar consonant [k], it is [Iŋ] in rapid speech and [In] in careful speech. In all other cas [In] is always the ca.
