怎样理解ABA中的区别强化
Differential reinforcement is a broader term covering veral approaches to adjusting maladaptive behaviors.
差异强化是⼀个更⼴泛的术语，涵盖了⼏种调整不适应⾏为的⽅法。
DRI (differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors) attempts to replace a problem target behavior with an adaptive behavior that cannot be performed at the same time.
DRI (不兼容⾏为的区别强化)试图⽤不能同时执⾏的⾃适应⾏为替换问题⽬标⾏为。
DRA (differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors) rewards choosing alternative behaviors over a maladaptive behavior, although both could be performed at the same time.
选择性⾏为的区别强化(DRA)奖励选择不同的⾏为⽽不是不适应的⾏为，虽然两者可以同时进⾏。
⽐如奖励看书的⾏为⽽不是⾃⾔⾃语，虽然看书和⾃⾔⾃语可以同时进⾏。
DRO (differential reinforcement of other behavior) rewards the abnce of the maladaptive behavior.
DRO (对其他⾏为的差异强化)奖励不适应⾏为的缺失。
假如⾃⾔⾃语是我们想弱化的⼀种⾏为，那么⼩朋友在⾃⾔⾃语时将得不到强化，⼩朋友只要没有⾃⾔⾃语时都可以得到强化，⼩朋友可能在安静的玩玩具，可能在安静的看书，只要没有⾃⾔⾃语的⾏为没有发⽣就会得到强化。
DRL (differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior) rewards lowered rates of maladaptive behaviors rather than eking to extinguish the target behavior altogether.
(低⾏为率的区别强化)奖励降低了不适应⾏为的⽐率，⽽不是寻求完全消灭⽬标⾏为。⽐如⼩朋友平时⾃⾔⾃语⼗分钟，但是他今天⾃⾔⾃语了8分钟，那么就可以给到⼩朋友DRL强化，因为⼩朋友⾃⾔⾃语的时间减少了。
The 4 Types of Differential Reinforcement
差异强化的四种类型
There are four basic types of differential reinforcement.国家地理纪录片
差异强化有四种基本类型。
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1. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI): This approach to reinforcement us a behavior that is 1. Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI):
“incompatible” with the targeted problem behavior. By causing a client to perform the incompatible behavior, they are unable to perform the problem behavior. Over time, this lowers the rates of that incompatible behavior. For example, if a child is drawing, they cannot also be chewing their fingernails.
1.不兼容⾏为的区别强化(DRI) : 这种强化⽅法使⽤与⽬标问题⾏为“不兼容”的⾏为。通过使客户端执⾏不兼容的⾏为，它们就⽆法执⾏问题⾏为。随着时间的推移，这会降低这种不兼容⾏为的发⽣率。例如，如果⼀个孩⼦在画画，他们就不能同时咀嚼他们的指甲。
2. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (DRA): This method involves removing a problem behavior by
2. Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (DRA):
reinforcing the adaptive, alternative behavior. However, the adaptive behavior probably will not be incompatible with the targeted behavior, so theoretically, a child with autism could perform both beha
viors at the same time. Ideally, the reward for the alternative behavior is high enough that the targeted behavior becomes less desirable or reinforced.
2.区别强化可选择⾏为(DRA) : 这种⽅法包括通过强化适应性的可选择⾏为来消除问题⾏为。然⽽，这种适应⾏为可能与⽬标⾏为并不⽭盾，因此，理论上，⾃闭症⼉童可以同时表现出这两种⾏为。理想情况下，替代⾏为的回报⾜够⾼，⽬标⾏为变得不那么可取或强化。
马丁路德金 我有一个梦想For example, a parent may request that their child pick up their toys in the living room instead of watching television. Theoretically, the child could still pay some attention to the television while picking up toys, but cleaning up their toys is the alternative behavior to just watching TV.
例如，⽗母可能会要求孩⼦在客厅收拾他们的玩具，⽽不是看电视。从理论上讲，孩⼦在捡玩具的时候仍然可以注意看电视，但是清理玩具是仅仅看电视的替代⾏为。
3. Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO):
3. Differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO): This approach rewards the child when they are not performing targeted behaviors rather than choosing alternatives to distract from the targeted behavior. For example, if a child bites their fingernails, their ABA therapist may reward them for every
欧普拉10-cond interval that they do not engage in this behavior. By doing this, the child may associate the lack of this targeted behavior with feeling good rather than the stimulation of the targeted behavior feeling good.
3.区别强化其他⾏为(DRO) : 这种⽅法奖励孩⼦，当他们没有执⾏⽬标⾏为，⽽不是选择替代品，以分散⽬标⾏为。例如，如果⼀个孩⼦的问题⾏为时咬指甲， ABA 治疗师可能会奖励他们每10秒的间隔，如果他们没有出现咬指甲这个⾏为。通过这样做，孩⼦可能会把不要指甲这种有针对性的⾏为与感觉良好联系起来，⽽不是把咬指甲这种针对性的⾏为与感觉良好联系起来。
There are two subtypes of DRO. The are:
revDRO 有两个亚型，分别为:
a. Interval, when reinforcement is given only after a specific amount of time pass.
间隔，当只有在特定时间段后才给予强化时。
b. Momentary, when reinforcement is given at a specific moment in time if the targeted behavior is not performed.
瞬间，当强化给予在特定时刻的时间，如果⽬标⾏为没有执⾏。
4. Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL):
4. Differential reinforcement of low rates of behavior (DRL): Like DRO, DRL involves a reward when a behavior does
not occur, although DRL focus on lower rates of targeted behaviors. Ultimately, by rewarding less frequent occurrences of the behavior, or less vere instances of the behavior, the ABA therapist hopes to keep target behaviors minimal enough that they are not disruptive to the person’s life and perhaps extinguish the behavior if possible.
4.区别强化低⾏为率(DRL) : 与 DRO ⼀样，DRL 在⾏为没有发⽣时也包含奖励，尽管 DRL 侧重于较低的⽬标⾏为率。最终，通过奖励较少频繁发⽣的⾏为，或者不那么严重的⾏为，ABA 治疗师希望将⽬标⾏为保持在最低限度，这样它们就不会破坏个⼈的⽣活，如果可能的话，也许还能消除这种⾏为。
There are three types of DRL.
有三种类型的 DRL。
a. Full ssion: Reinforcement is provided to the child only if the behavior was displayed at a rate de
emed appropriate by the ABA therapist, for the entire therapy ssion.
整个疗程: 在整个疗程中，只有当孩⼦的⾏为表现出 ABA 治疗师认为合适的频率时，才会对孩⼦进⾏强化。
b. Interval: As in DRO, reinforcement is provided if the behavior was displayed at or below appropriate levels for a specific
amount of time.
B. 间隔时间: 与DRO⼀样，如果⾏为在特定时间内显⽰在适当⽔平或低于适当⽔平，则提供增援。
c. Spaced responding: Reinforcement is given only after the behavior is displayed after a t amount of time has pasd between the previous instance and the current instance of the behavior.
间隔响应: 只有在前⼀个实例和⾏为的当前实例之间经过⼀定时间后，⾏为才会显⽰出来，才会给出强化。
An example of DRL occurs when a child gets up and walks away from homework veral times. The parent helping the child with their homework wants the child to feel like they can take breaks when necessary but needs to provide boundaries around what “necessary” means.翻译官全文
有关DRL 的⼀个例⼦，⼀个⼩朋友在做家庭作业的时候会站起来并且离开⼏次。帮助孩⼦完成家庭作业的⽗母希望孩⼦觉得他们可以在必要的时候休息⼀下，但是他们需要在“必要”这个问题上划清界限。
With guidance from an ABA therapist, the parent may tell the child that they can get up five times while they complete their homework. After that, they are not allowed to get up again.
在 ABA 治疗师的指导下，⽗母可能会告诉孩⼦，在他完成作业的时候，他们可以站起来五次。在那之后，他们不允许再站起来。
Rearch Supports Differential Reinforcement 研究⽀持差异强化
Each of the four types of differential reinforcement focus on reducing or eliminating a target behavior, which is typically a maladaptive behavior. ABA therapists can u each of the types of differential reinforcement together in a treatment plan, but some types overlap more readily than others.
这四种类型的区别强化都侧重于减少或消除⽬标⾏为，这通常是⼀种不适应的⾏为。ABA 治疗师可以在治疗计划中同时使⽤这些类型中的每⼀种差异强化，但是有些类型⽐其他类型更容易重叠。
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With DRA and DRI, targeted maladaptive behaviors decrea becau there is reinforcement of adaptive behaviors and withholding of any type of reinforcement, including negative reinforcement, for the maladaptive behavior. This can be tricky and may require some analysis on the part of the ABA therapist to understand how the client interacts with teachers, parents, siblings, or caregivers.
使⽤ DRA 和 DRI，⽬标不适应⾏为减少，因为有适应⾏为的强化和抑制任何类型的强化，包括负强化，对不适应⾏为。这可能很棘⼿，可能需要 ABA 治疗师进⾏⼀些分析，以了解客户如何与⽼师、⽗母、兄弟姐妹或照顾者互动。
For example, if a parent yells at a child to stop chewing on their fingernails, this may accidentally reinforce the maladaptive behavior through high emotional intensity, attention from the parent, or other factors. Instead, gently removing the hand from the child’s mouth can be the only attention paid to this activity. Then, the child may be distracted into using their hands for something el, which is a DRI technique, or rewarded for choosing a healthier alternative than chewing their fingernails, which is a DRA technique.
例如，如果⽗母对孩⼦⼤喊停⽌咀嚼他们的指甲，这可能意外地通过⾼度的情绪强度、来⾃⽗母的关注或其他因素加强了不适应⾏为。相反，轻轻地把⼿从孩⼦的嘴上移开，可能是对这个活动的唯⼀关
注。然后，孩⼦可能会分⼼，使⽤他们的⼿做其他事情，这是⼀种 DRI 技术，或奖励选择⼀个更健康的替代品，⽽不是咀嚼他们的指甲，这是⼀种 DRA 技术。
interesting的比较级Scientific rearch shows that differential reinforcement tactics are evidence-bad and do work to adjust behaviors to more adaptive actions. A study published in 2010 involving ven children with developmental disorders ud DRA specifically, without an extinction component. The rearchers adjusted the duration of the alternative behavior, the quality of the alternative behavior, the delay, and a combination of all three.
科学研究表明，差异强化策略是以证据为基础的，可以调整⾏为以适应更多的适应⾏动。2010年发表的⼀项研究涉及7名患有发育障碍的⼉童，该研究专门使⽤了 DRA，没有涉及削弱的内容。研究⼈员调整了选择⾏为的持续时间，选择⾏为的质量，延迟，以及三者的组合。
Behavior was often nsitive to manipulations, but the most important part of the study showed that veral approaches to reinforcing the appropriate behavior helped to reduce the rate of the target behavior more often than one approach alone.euthanasia
⾏为通常对操纵很敏感，但研究中最重要的部分表明，⼏种强化适当⾏为的⽅法⽐单⼀⽅法更有助于降低⽬标⾏为的发⽣率。
ABA Therapists Often U Differential Reinforcement
ABA 治疗师经常使⽤差异强化
Differential reinforcement is an important tool for ABA therapists. Using the techniques can help them monitor rates of behavioral change over time in an objective way. By dividing target behaviors up into timed or monitored instances, the ABA therapist can e if one or more of the interventions work to reduce maladaptive behaviors. Then, bad on that information, they can understand if they must adjust their treatment plan.
区别强化是 ABA 治疗师的重要⼯具。使⽤这些技术可以帮助他们以⼀种客观的⽅式监测随着时间的推移⾏为变化的速度。通过将⽬标⾏为划分为定时的或监控的实例，ABA 治疗师可以看到这些⼲预措施中的⼀个或多个是否起到了减少不适应⾏为的作⽤。然后，根据这些信息，他们可以理解是否必须调整他们的治疗计划。
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