1. 从句讲解polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules veral activities at the same time. In the culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not e appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.
江畔独步寻花的意思诗意2. intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication between people from different cultural backgrounds
3. host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.
4. minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation to the host culture.
5. subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.
6. multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity.
7. cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives of business,governmentmr是什么意思 and professional groups from different cultures.
8. high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in words. Information is provided through gestures, the u of space, and even silence.
9. low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in the explicit code.
10. perception: in its simplest n,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”the process by which an individual lects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the external world” In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.
Non-verbal communication
It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.
.
Individualism
Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independencepaparazzi什么意思，individual expression, and even privacy.
13. Paralanguage
The t of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be ud to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.
11. 人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for tho others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。
12. 内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and
among members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。attendee
跨民族交际interthnic communication ：refers to communication between people of the same race ,but different ethnic backgrounds . 指同一种族，不同民族背景的人们之间的交际。
13. 跨种族交际interracial communication:occurs when the nder and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races that pertain to different physical characteristics.指信息源和信息来自不同的种族，种族具有不同的身体特征。
跨地区交际interregional communication:refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant culture within a country.指一个国家内主流文化成员之间的信息交换过程
Context场景
The final component of communication is context. Generally, context can be defined as th
如何与人沟通e environment in which the communication takes place and which helps define the communication.
All communication has ven components: the source, encoding, the message, the channel, the receiver, decoding, feedback.
The Inferential Model of communication four presumptions: linguistic presumption, communicative presumption, presumption of literalness, conversational presumptions.
Conversational presumptionhyts five aspects：
1relevance：the speaker’王长喜官网s remarks are relevant to the conversation
2sincerity: the speaker is being sincere
3truthfulness: the speaker is attempting to say sth true
4quantity: the speaker contributes the appropriate amount of information
5quality:the speaker has adequate evidence for what she or he says.
The Message Model cannot account for:brawny
1disambiguation 2 underdetermination of reference3 underdetermination of communicative intent
4nonliterality 5indirection 6 non communicative acts.
Six characteristics of culture directly affect communication:
1learned
六级考试报名2 transmitted from generation to g
3 bad on symbols 4 subject to change 5 integrated 6Ethnocentric
The primary characteristics of communication include:
1 no direct mind-to-mind contact
2 we can only infer
3 communication is symbolic
