Chapter 2：Speech sound
I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or Fal:
1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chine and English.
2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.
3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.
4. English is a tone language while Chine is not.
5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.
6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.
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7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.
8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.
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9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.
10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raid the highest.
emulsion11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.
13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into clo vowels, mi-clo vowels, mi-open vowels and open vowels.
14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.
15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.
16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.
17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to e if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.
18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.
19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.
广州包装设计20. Distinctive features of sound gments can be found running over a quence of two or more phonemic gments.
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.
22． A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.
23． The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.
24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.
25． English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.
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26． When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly relead and the air passing out again is called a s________.
27． S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the gments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.
celtics28． The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular lan-guage are called s ____ rules.
29． The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.
30． When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the ntence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.
cpusa31． P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular lan
guage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.
32．The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.
33．T_______ are pitch variations, which are caud by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.
34．Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.
III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:
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