Chapter 1. Invitations to Linguistics
I. For each question, there are four choices of answers. In some cas, only one choice is correct while in others more than one should be chon. Choo ALL the correct ones.
1. Which of the following are design features of language?
妇女节 英文
A. arbitrariness B. duality C. interpersonal D. displacement
2. By _____ we mean language is resourceful becau of its duality and its recursiveness.
A. arbitrariness B. creativity C. interpersonal D. displacement
cos是什么意思
3. “I can refer to Confucius even though he died 2,000 years ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of _____.
A. arbitrariness B. creativity C. duality D. displacement
4. Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power to handle _____.
A. arbitrariness and creativity B. generalizations and abstractions
C. interpersonal relationship D. performative functions
5. Which of the following is NOT a theory about the origin of language?
A. The bow-wow theory B. The pooh-pooh theory
C. The “yo-he-ho” theory D. The Winnie-the-Pooh theory
6. Which of the following theories takes as the origin of language the instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy?
A. The bow-wow theory B. The pooh-pooh theory
C. The “yo-he-ho” theory D. The Winnie-the-Pooh theory
7. Which of the following statements is true of Jacobson’s framework of language functions?
A. The referential function is to indulge in language for its own sake.
B. The emotive function is to convey message and information.
C. The conative function is to clear up intentions, words and meanings.
D. The phatic function is to establish communion with others.
8. Which of the following are among Halliday’s theory of functions of language?
A. ideational B. relational C. interpersonal D. textual
不用谢
9. Using language for the sheer joy shows that language has a _____ function.
A. recreational B. metalingual C. informative D. performative
10. _____ studies the internal organization of words.
A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Syntax
11. _____ is concerned with the rules governing the structure, distribution and quencing of speech sounds.
A. Phonetics B. Morphology C. Pragmatics D. Phonology
12. _____ is the study of meaning in context.
scenery是什么意思
A. Semantics B. Pragmatics C. Sociolinguistics D. Psycholinguistics
13. In the 18th century, all the main European languages were studied _____.
A. diachronically B. synchronically C. prescriptively D. descriptively
14. “Don’t end a ntence with a preposition.” This is an example of _____ rules.
A. prescriptive B. descriptive C. transformational D. functional
15. The distinction between langue and parole was put forward by _____.
A. Bloomfield B. de Saussure C. Chomsky D. Halliday
16. The distinction between competence and performance was made by _____.
A. Bloomfield B. de Saussure C. Chomsky D. Hymes
17. Accord
ing to _____, the task of a linguist is to determine from the data of performance the underlying system of rules that has been mastered by the language ur.
A. Jacobson B. Bloomfield C. Pike D. Chomsky
18. Which of the following was written by Ferdinand de Saussure?
A. A Grammar of Modern Greek B. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
C. Cour in General Linguistics D. The Structure of Shakespeare’s English
19. Which of the following was written by Noam Chomsky?
安全驾驶技巧
A. A Grammar of Modern Greek B. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax
C. Cour in General Linguistics D. The Structure of Shakespeare’s English
20. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually u, it is said to be ______________.
A. prescriptive B. analytic C. descriptive D. linguistic
21. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Meaningfulness
22. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.
A. primary B. correct
C. condary D. stable
23. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.
A. synchronic B. diachronic
C. prescriptive D. comparative
24. Saussure took a (n)______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a _____ point of view.
A. sociological…psychological B. psychological…sociological
C. applied… pragmatic D. mantic and linguistic
太平洋英语25. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.
A. parole B. performance
C. langue D. Language
26. Language is said to be arbitrary becau there is no logical connection between _________ and meanings.
A. n B. sounds
C. objects D. ideas
27. Language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,
A. displacement B. duality
C. flexibility D. cultural transmission
II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:
1. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal ur’s k__________ of the rules of his language.
2. Langue refers to the a_________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech commu
nity while the parole is the concrete u of the conventions and application of the rules.
3. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.
4. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols ud for human communication.
5. The discipline that studies the rules governing the forma
tion of words into permissible ntences in languages is called s________.
6. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.
7. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual u.
8. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the ttlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.
9. Language is p_________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of ntences which they have never heard before.
10. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or fal.
1. Language is unique to humans so when we say “bird language” we are using the word metaphorically.
2. Language is conventional.
菜谱翻译
3. Arbitrariness means you can u language in any way you like.
4. Bloomfield defined the six primary factors of any speech event as: speaker, addre, context, message, code, contact.
5. The metalingual function of language means that the human language can be ud to talk about itlf.
成都托福培训6. If you repeat a sound, say [p], ten times, each time it may be slightly different.
7. Latin has fewer morphological changes than English.
8. Historical linguistics is a synchronic study of language.
学化妆的基本步骤9. Computational linguists are interested in the history and structure of formerly unwritten languages.
颜色与性格10. The concept of “communicative competence” was suggested by Dell Hymes.
11. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.
12. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.
13. A scientific study of language is bad on what the linguist thinks.
14. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.
15. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful ntences.
16. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.
17. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into ntences.
18. The study of meaning in language is known as mantics.
19. Both mantics and pragmatics study meanings.
20. Pragmatics is different from mantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.
21. Social changes can often bring about language changes.
22. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.
23. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
24. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.
25. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
26. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the
spoken language.
27. The distinction between competence and performance was propod by F. de Saussure.
III. Choo Four of the following questions and answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:
1. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.
2. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature?
3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?
4. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?
5. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?
6. How do you understand competence and performance ?
7. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole ems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?
8. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?
9. Why is it difficult to define language?
10. 如何理解鹦鹉能言，不离于禽；猩猩能言，不离于兽？
