The New Public Management Situation
verifyemailOwen E. Hughes
No doubt, many countries in the world, and both developed countries and developing countries, in the late 1980s and early 1990s began a continuous public ctor management reform movement. The reform movement is still in many aspects government continue to the organization and management of the influence. People in the reforms view repudiating them. Critics especially in Britain and the United States, critics say the new mode of various problems exist, but also does not have the international prevailing reform of public management, could not be called paradigm. Criticism from almost every aspect of the change. Most of the academic criticism belong to the mouth. Different schools of thought in detail discussion, The academic journal articles and abstraction, from reality. At the same time, in the practice of public management and implementation of the reform and the change. As I in other articles in the thought, in most countries, the traditional public administrative mode for public management mode has been replaced. The reform of public
department responded to the realities of veral interrelated problems, including: the function of public ctor provide public rvices of low efficiency, Economic theory of change, Private ctor related changes impact of globalization, especially as a kind of economic power, Technology changes made decentralization and better control globally becomes possible. The administrative management can be divided into three stages: the development of distinct phas, and public administration before traditional pattern and public management reform stage. Each stage has its own management mode. From a stage of transition to the next stage is not easy, from the traditional public administration to public administration has not yet completed the transition. But it was only a matter of time. Becau the new mode of theoretical basis is very strong. The new public management movement ", "although this name, but it is not only a debate in the booming, and in most developed countries have taken the best management mode of expression. The traditional administrative mode than it's age is a great reform, but that time has pasd.
A traditional pattern
Obviously, in the late 19th century bureaucracy system theory, not sound already exists some form of administrative management. Public administration has a long history, and it is the concept of a government and the ri of civilization as history. As the ca Glad2den O描写人的英语作文sama bin laden (point), a model of administrative since the government appears has existed. First is endowed with founder or leader, then is the social or administrative person to organizers of eternity. Administration management or business is all in social activities, although not among factors, but the glow of social sustainable development is of vital importance. Recognized administrative system in ancient Egypt is already exists, its jurisdiction from the Nile flooding caud by the year to build the pyramids irrigation affairs. China is adopted in the han dynasty, Confucian norms that government should be elected, not according to the background, but according to the character and ability, the government's main goal is to ek the welfare of the people. In Europe, various empire - Greek, Roman, and the holy Roman, Spain's administrative empire, they first by the central through various rules and procedures. Weber's thought, "modern" medieval countries develop simultaneously with "bureaucratic management str
ucture development". Although the countries in different ways, but they have common features, it can be called before modern. Namely, the administrative system of early esnce is the personification of, or the establishment in Max Weber's "nepotism" basis, i.e. to loyal to the king or minister certain human foundation, not is personified, With allegiance to the organization or individual basis rather than for the foundation. Although there are such a viewpoint that administration itlf not only prai from traditional mode, the characteristic of early but often leads to ek personal interests corruption or abu of power. In the early administrative system, we now feel very strange approach has the functions of government administration is generally behavior. All tho who walk official tend to rely on friends or relatives for work or buy officer, which means the money to buy the first officer or tax officials, and then out to the customer to money, which is the first to buy officer recovery investment cost, and can make a fortune. America in the 19th century FenFei system of "political parties" means in the ruling changed at the same time, the government of all administrative position is changed. Modern bureaucracy is before "personal, traditional, diffusion and similar and special", and according to the argu
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ment, modern spratlyWeber bureaucracy is "impersonal, rational, concrete, achievement orientation and common". Personalized government is often inefficient: nepotism means incompetent not capable person was arranged to positions of leadership, FenFei political corruption, in addition to making often still exist rious low efficiency. The enormous success of traditional administrative pattern that early practice looks strange. Specialization and not politicized administrative in our opinion is so difficult to imagine that trace, there exist other system. Western administrative system even simple lection of officials to pass the exam, until 1854, Britain and north G..英文在线翻译M.my ideal job Trevelyan report after Northcote - began to establish in China, although the system has long passage.treehou
The traditional public administrative pattern
In the late 19th century, additionally one kind of pattern on the world popular, this is the so-called traditional administrative pattern. Its main theoretical basis from veral countries, namely, the American scholars and Germany Woodrow Wilson of Max Weber's, people put their associated with bureaucracy model, Frederick Tyler systematic
ally elaborated the scientific management theory, the theory of the private ctor from America, for public administration method was provided. And the other theorists, Taylor without focusing on public ctor, but his theory was influential in this field. The three traditional public administration mode is theorist of main effect. In other countries, plus G..M.琼恩雪诺死了吗 Trevelyan and North America, the state administration of administrative system, especially the Wilson has produced important influence. In the 19th century, the north G..M. Trevelyan and put forward through the examination and character, and appointed officials put forward bias and administrative neutral point of view. The traditional administrative pattern has the following features:
1. The bureaucracy. The government shall, according to the principle of bureaucratic rank and organization. The German sociologist Max Weber bureaucracy system of a classic, and analysis. Although the bureaucracy in business organizations and other tissues, but it is in the public ctor got better and longer.
2. The best way of working and procedures are in full manual detail codes, for administratadminister
ive personnel to follow. Strictly abide by the principles will run for the organization provides the best way.
3. Bureaucratic rvice. Once the government policy areas in, it will be through the bureaucracy to provide public products and rvice providers.
4. In political and administrative two relations, political and administrative managers generally think of administrative affairs can be parated. Administration is the implement instruction, and any matter policy or strategic affairs shall be decided by the political leaders, which can ensure that the democratic system.
5. Public interests are assumed to individual civil rvants, the only motive for public rvice is lfless paying.
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6. Professional bureaucracy. Public administration is viewed as a kind of special activities, thus requirements, obscure, civil rvants neutral equal employment and lifelong rvice to any political leaders.
7. The administrative task is to carry out the meaning of the written instructions and not others assume the personal responsibility.
Through the comparison of the early administrative pattern, we can better understand the main advantages and Webber system differences. Webber system and it is the most important mode of various before the difference: the rule-bad impersonal system replaced the personification of administrative management system. An organization and its rules than any of the people are important organization. Bureaucracy is its operation and how to respond to customer must is personified. As Weber has demonstrated that the modern office management ", will be incorporated into various regulations deeply touched it. The modern public administration by law theory, to command certain affairs authority has been awarded the legitimate public authority. This does not grant an institution specific cas through some instructions. It only matters is abstractly control some issues. In contrast, through personal privileges and give concession regulation of all affairs. The latter is completely dominated by the hereditary system, at least the affairs is not the traditional infringement is this situation."
