考研英语历年阅读理解真题精析--1996年part3
Part Three
In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labor" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the cond and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting , trams and other rvices to the taxpayers .
The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important conq
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uences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly incread the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class , an element in national life reprenting irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world ' s movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastboume sprang up to hou large. "comfortable" class who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was ud by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpo of a great civilization.
The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. The paid manager acting for the company wa
s in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had ldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strike and lockout taught the two parties to respect each other' s strength and understand the value of fair negotiation .fainted
9. It's true of the old family firms that__.
（A）they were spoiled by the younger generations
（B）they failed for lack of individual initiative
privileged
（C）they lacked efficiency compared with modem companies
（D）they could supply adequate rvices to the taxpayers
arm怎么读10. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in__.
（A）the paration of capital from management
sure是什么意思
（B）the ownership of capital by managers
（C）the emergence of capital and labor as two class
（D）the participation of shareholders in municipal business
11 . According to the passage, all of the following are true except that__.
（A）the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers
（B）the old firm owners hand a better understanding of their workers
（C）the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly
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（D）the trade unions emed to play a positive role
12. The author is most critical of___ .
（A）family film owners（B）landowners（C）managers （D）shareholders
Unit 3 （1996）Part 3
重点词汇：
阿黛尔新歌
bureaucracy（官僚主义；官僚机构；官僚）即bureau+cracy，bureau（署，局，司，处），cracy词根"统治"； Bureaucracy is a giant mechanism operated by pygmies.官僚政治是一种由侏儒操纵的庞大机构。
spoil（v.损害；溺爱）We drink one another's healthes and spoil our own.我们为彼此的健康干杯而损害自身的健康。
collectivism（集体主义）←collect+iv（e）后缀+ism后缀表"主义"。
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municipal（市的；市立的）与principal（首要的；负责人；本金）一起记；municipality（自治市；市政当局）←municipal+ity名词后缀。。
taxpayer（纳税人）←tax+payer。
detach（v.分开）即de+tach，de-前缀"离开"，tach词根"连接"。同根词为attach（v.缚上；使依附）←at（=to）+tach。
招生合作patriarchal（家长的）即patri+arch+al，patri词根"父"，arch词根"统治"，-al形容词后缀。另可记patriot（爱国者）←patri+ot后缀表人。
gaaprender?（v.使得；提供）。Nothing in the world renders a man indispensable save love.世上唯有爱能够使一个人变得不可缺少。discipline（纪律；学科v.训练）即dis+cipl+ine，dis-（=aPart），cipl（=cip）词根"抓"，-ine后缀，"培养抓出东西的能力"→纪律或训练。Freedom is a way of life which requires authority, discipline, and government of its own kind.自由是一种生活方式，它需要、纪律，以及具有自由本身性质的统治。
