Key Words: tragic life of Tess; family reason; social enviroment; the character of Tess
摘 要
苔丝是批判现实主义作家托马斯·哈代的小说《德伯家的苔丝》里的女主人公。小说讲述了女主人公为帮助家里摆脱困境，去德伯家认亲。不幸的是，苔丝受到了花花公子阿里克的诱奸。在一个农场，她遇到了安其儿，也是她后来的丈夫。当苔丝把自己的一切告诉安其儿后，安其儿却抛弃了苔丝。由于环境所迫，苔丝成了阿里克的情人。后来苔丝杀了说安其儿坏话的阿里克。这也导致了她的死亡。苔丝一生命运悲惨。本文聚焦于是什么引起了其悲惨命运。本文分析引起苔丝悲惨命运的原因。从而得出结论：家庭因素是直接原因；
社会环境是较重要原因；苔丝的性格是另一个原因。
关键字：悲惨命运、家庭因素、社会环境、苔丝的性格
四级多少分算过Introduction
Ⅰ. Hardy was the last important novelist of the Victorian Age. In his Wesx novels, he vividly and truthfully described the tragic lives of the tenants.He was pessimistic in his view of life.His philosophy was that everying in the univer is determined by the Immanent Will.
Ⅱ. Background of the novel. The story happened in the late time of the Victorian Age in Britain during which the farmers had no landsand were at the bottom of the society. The farmers had never equal rights as the capitalist class who were hyprocisy. The society has a patriarchal social system. It was thought that the first x of girl was the privilege of her husband. In the family, thwere were 7 children who father was a drunkard. They were depend on the little payment of the mother.Tess was the oldest child.
⑴.Family Reason
At the beginning of the novel, it depicts a scene that will change the fate of Tess in the future. The father of Tess was a lazy and foolish peddler. As a man, in stead of bearing the burden of family, he was a drunkard and looked unfit. In the upheaval of society, in place of facing the reality bravely, he was engrosd in a fancy that he was the descendant of good blood. Tess’s mother was a milker at first.Later, she could only earn a little money by washing clothes for others. But she was in a state of unemployment in later time. She was vulgar, superfical and simpleminded. As the oldest child of the family, Tess had to help to reduce the heavy burden of the family. After leaving school, Tess earned money by working sign that the life of Tess would be full of frustrations. Tess’s father heared the news that ther were the the descendant of a knight family the D’urbervilles. He was too plead to go on working as usual. Instead, he drinked more. As a result, Tess had no choice butto go to the market on the behalf of her father. Unfortunately, on the way, there was an accident in which the hor Prince was died. Prince was the only means of production that they can rely on. The death of Prince hightecasu marzu
ned the family’s poverty. Thus, Tess accepted her mother’s suggestion that they should get contact with their relatives—the D’urbervilles. Before leaving, the mother dresd her up.Bother the father ang mother knew what it meant for Tess. They wanted to change the poor condition of the family if Tess could marry with a rich man. Their foolishness to the society deprived therir daughter of her happiness. As the words in the novel〝…when Tess was hurt, no one could protect her, even the God had slept…〞惠特妮休斯顿经典歌曲There was no doubt that the poor condition of the family was the direct and the most begging reason. If not for their poverty ,Tess would not had gone to the market in the night; if not for their poverty ,Tess’s parents would not had compelled Tess to recogni relative relation with the D’urbervilles; if not for their poverty, Tess would not had received so much humilization before the returning oh her husband Angel Clare. Hardy once said that family was part of Tess’s body and life. Not getting rid of family also signed thst Tess could not get away from a tragic life.
⑵. Social Background
Family is the smallest unit of society. The upheaval of society unavoidly bring about changes to family. Tess lived in a changing time when England was shifting from agricultural economy to machine production. To some degree, Tess’s life of tragedy was historical inevitability. The death of Prince made the family lo their last ba of economy. Tess’s family had to get involved in the proletariant. Out of willing, Tess had no choice but to get contact with the pud capitalist Alec D’urbervilles to work for them so as to tackle the poor condiction of family. This was Tess’s first step in becoming a proletarian. From this time on, her life became the life of a proletarian from pastoral life. And she became an agricultural worker earning money by lling her labour. During this time, Tess was duced by Alec and gave birth to a child who died in infancy. The people in her countryside could not accept that kind of thing and contempted Tess. They thought that Tess t a bad example for their children. The countrymen even exil them after the death of Tess’s father. When Tess fed her child, she kept a far distance from other farmers in the field. When Tess asked a clergyman to baptize for her son, the clergyman didn’t agree becau her son was illegal. All of tho showed people’s hypocrisy. Alec waone week
s another example. His actions of helping Tess’s family, teaching Tess to learn whistle, etc, wre bad on the desire of posssion of Tess. This was not out of true love, but out of Tess’s beauty and his posssive desire. Moreover, Alec was not ashamed of his badness even though he clearly knew the fact. It revealed the capilatists’ hypocrisy and pesud morality. Nay, the society of that time was not just. It was a society of hegemony father right.There was a thought that girls’ first time of x was the privilege of her husband. On the wedding night ,tess confesd to Angel her duction by Alec. Though Angel had done the same thing with a woman in France, on hearing her wife’s tale, his old fashioned prejudices overcame him and he abandoned Tess. The break of agricultural economy, the deprivation of farmers’ land and means of production Tess lived in such a changing age. As the represtative of the farmers , Tess’s tragic life was constructed in the development of society. All in all, Tess was the sacrificial victim of the society.
⑶. Tess’s Character
advocatesIntelligent, striking attractive and distinguished by her deep moral nsitivity and passiona
te intensity, Tess was in disputably the central character of the novel that bears her name. Tess was obedient and filial which could prooved by the fact that she acceptd her mother’s suggestion. If she had not accepted tha advice, she would have not met with Alec and even duced by the playboy Alec. If not being so, Angel would not have abandoned her. When she met Alec, she directly spoke out the death of Prince and her intention. She was uncomplicated and pure. There were dual characters in her character. On one hand, she had the basic things that her peers had. On the other hand, her inward spirit that other girls didn’t have. She was brave. She dared to fight against the partial society and people’s old perceptions. She dared pursue her well-being. Tess was honest and upright. Otherwi, she would not confess to Angel on the wedding night who abandoned her later. After metting with Alec again, she would rather do drudgery than being his lover. She was tough. She was waiting for the returning of Angel with strong belief. She was resolute and firm. Getting married with Alec was not out of her willing. Only in this way, she could help her mother and the other children. It’s thought that Tess had compromid to the society and she was despaired both for the society and for Ang
el. Seeing Angel again after he returned from Brazil, she did not reproach Angel. Instead, she asked what the life in Brazil waslike. After having experiencing so many things, Tess became tenacious. Her revolt made she did a crazy thing:killing Alec which was the indicative of the end of both her tragic life and her life. Hardy once said “ character is fate”. Just every coin has two sides, the duality of her character also had two results.One was that helped contribute her greatness and personal charming. The other was that lead to her death. Tess’s character was tha inward reason of her tragedy.
