现在分词的用法
现在分词(Prent Participle)(又称-ing形式、现在进行式) ,是分词的一种,分词又分为现在分词和过去分词,它们都是非限定动词,即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语,但能充当其它的一些成分(定语,表语,补语和状语),并且它们具有动词的性质,所以又是类动词的一种。
☆现在分词的两个基本特点:
1. 在时间上表示动作正在进行。例如: a developing country. 一个发展中的国家, boiling water 沸水, rising sun 冉冉升起的太阳。(试比较: a developed country 一个发达国家, boiled water 白开水, rin sun 升起的太阳)
2. 在语态上表示主动。例如: the ruling class 统治阶级, the exploiting class 剥削阶级。(试比较: the ruled class 被统治阶级, the exploited class 被剥削阶级)
一:构成形式
doing 现在分词表示主动的,或进行的动作
二:时态与语态
主动 | 被动 |
一般式doing | Being done |
完成式having done | Having been done |
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三:否定式:
所有否定式都是在-ing前面加not
1)现在分词的时态:现在分词本身不能表示具体的时间概念,其动作发生的时间只能是相对于谓语动作发生时间相对而言的。这一点和不定式用法相同。
cry on my shoulder铃声A) 现在分词的一般式:doing
表示分词的动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生。或是谓语动作发生时,分词的动作正在发生过程中。
如:Looking back, I found she was washing clothes.
She smelt something burning.(smelt发生在burning的过程中。)
她闻到有东西烧焦了。
She sat on the chair, reading a novel.
B)现在分词的完成式:having done
表示现在分词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
Having worked for 2 hours, we had a rest.
Not having received his letter, we all felt worried.
2)现在分词的语态:
现在分词用主动还是被动,决定于它的逻辑主语。如果现在分词的逻辑主语是分词动作的执行者,用主动。反之,用被动。
如:Entering the room, I found Tom watching TV.
I knew the man sitting under the tree.(the man是sitting的逻辑主语,而且是分词动作的执行者,故分词用主动。)
八点二十分I found the car being washed.
3)现在分词的逻辑主语:
雅思考试内容A)如果分词在句子作定语,其逻辑主语就是被修饰的名词。
如:a developing country. 一个发展中的国家, boiling water 沸水
a running boy=a boy who is running
B)如果分词在句子作表语,其逻辑主语通常就是句中的主语。
如:The story was interesting.
The match is exciting.
C)如果分词在句子作宾语补语,其逻辑主语就是句中的宾语。
如:He kept the boy singing.
I found his playing on the playground.
D)as如果分词在句中作状语,其逻辑主语通常就是句子的主语。
如:Walking on the road, he was whistling.幼儿英语在线教学
他一边走路,一边吹着口哨。
Not knowing what to do.
His uncle died,leaving him a lot of money.
注意:分词作状语时,有时其逻辑主语不是句子的主语。此时,分词需要自带逻辑主语。其形式为“名词/代词+现在分词”,构成独立分词结构。也可在名词前加上介词with或without。
如:(With)his wife cooking in the kitchen, he was reading in the living room.
E)有一类分词短语,没有自带的逻辑主语,句中也没有它的逻辑主语。通常是表示说话人的态度或看法的。即现在分词作“评注性状语”。
Generally speaking, he is a good student.
常常这样用的分词短语有:
谈到。。。 | 考虑到。。。 |
根据。。判断 | Roughly speaking大致说来 |
Strictly speaking严格的说 | Frankly speaking坦白说来 |
Generally speaking一般说来 | Broadly speaking泛泛地说 |
Allowing for考虑到 | Honestly speaking老实说 |
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4)现在分词的句法功能:
1.作主语:通常被看作是单数不可数名词,所以谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
Driving fast is very dangerous.
Swimming is my favourite sport.
Painting is an art.
Hearing the bad news made him cry.
注意:现在分词作主语时,和动词不定式一样,当它是较长的短语时,常常用it作形式主语,而把现在分词放到句末。
如:It's nice spending the holiday at the beach.
It's tiring working late.
现在分词作主语时的常用句型:
a waste of time
no good/no u
It +be+ little/hardly any u + V-ing分词
not/hardly worth
worth/worthwhile
如:It's no u complaining.
It's no good smoking a lot.
It's a waste of time doing such a thing.
no
no n in(没有道理)
There +be+ no point in(毫无意义) +V-ing分词
no u in
Nothing wor than(没有比...更糟糕的)
如:There was no knowing what he was doing.
There is no point (in) doing so.这么做,毫无意义。
经常跟在it +be后面的形容词,然后接动名词作实际主语的形容词还有:
Odd古怪的 | Crazy疯狂的 | Hopeless无望的 | Nice |
Funny好笑的 | Foolish愚蠢的 | interesting | Tiring累人的 |
better | terrible | Enjoyable愉快的 | Pointless无意义的 |
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2作表语:报考时间和截止时间-ing分词作表语多和系动词be连用。注意:如果主语用了不定式,表语也要用不定式;同样地,如果主语用的是-ing分词,表语也应用-ing分词。即,作主语和表语的动词在形式上的一致。
如:Seeing is believing=To e is to believe.
My favourite sport is swimming.
Her only hobby(爱好) is collecting stamps.
dust☆注意:现在分词作表语和动词不定式作表语的区别在于:现在分词表示习惯性动作;而不定式表示一次性的具体动作。
如:My plan is to finish my homework before tomorrow.
My favourite sport is swimming.
3. 作宾语
英语中,有相当一部分动词后,只能接-ing分词作宾语wentech。
这类动词主要有:
Admit承认 | advi | Anticipate期望做。。 | Detest憎恨做。。。 |
Defer推迟 | suggest | Escape逃避做。。 | Quit停止做。。 |
Deny否认 | Miss错过 | Avoid避免做。。。 | Tolerate忍受。。 |
Keep保持做。。。 | Appreciate感谢。。。 | Practi练习。。 | enjoy |
Mind介意 | Consider考虑做 | Risk冒险做。。。 | Excu原谅 |
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Excu me interrupting you.
accI enjoy reading newspapers.
I suggest you should practi speaking English every morning.
注意:有一类动词后即可跟不定式作宾语,也可跟-ing分词作宾语。可以把这类动词分为三种类型:1)两种形式意义基本相同。2)两种形式略有差别。3)意义完全不同。
A)两种形式意义基本相同的动词有:attempt, begin, cea(停止), continue, intend, start, commence(开始).
如:She started to cry/crying.
What do you intend to do/doing next?你打算接下来做什么?
He continued to work/working.
B)两种形式意义略有差别的动词主要有:hate, like, dislike, love, prefer等。
如:I like playing basketball.
I hate to trouble you.
I prefer to go for a walk.
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