动词的-ing形式用法讲解
动词的-ing形式
1、 概述
动词的-ing形式包括了传统语法中所说的动名词(gerund)和现在分词(prent participle)。所有行为动词都有-ing形式。情态动词和助动词（除be，have外）没有动名词形式。动词的-ing形式仍保留有动词的许多特征，可以有自己的逻辑主语、宾语、状语。动词的-ing形式连同其后面的宾语或状语，一起构成了动词的-ing形式短语。同时动词的-ing形式词又具有名词、cnki在线翻译形容词、副词的特性，可以在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语等成分。
2、动词的-ing形式时态与语态
动词的-ing形式有主动和被动两种语态，也有一般式、完成式和完成进行式之分，它们是以谓语动词发生的时间为依据的。现以write为例列表如下：maintenance是什么意思
| 主动语态 | 被动语态 |
一般式 | writing | being written |
完成式 | having written | having been written |
完成进行式 | having been writing | |
| | |
（1）动词的-ing形式时态
①一般式
一般式所表示的动作或状态与谓语动词所表示的动作或状态几乎同时发生或发生在谓语动词之后。
I enjoy learning English.我喜欢学英语。
My wife hates smoking.我妻了憎恨抽烟。
I saw them playing under a big tree.看见他们正在大树下玩。（同时）
Working hard，you'll be successful.努力工作你就会成功。（稍前）
考研现场确认需要带什么We met an accident, causing the delay.我们遇到了车祸，所以晚了。（稍后）
②完成式
完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。
She didn't remember having met him before. 她不记得从前见过他了。
Not having received a reply, he decided to write again. 没有收到回信，他决定再写一封。
Having finished my work, I sat down to have a rest. 完成了工作之后，我坐下来休息。
Having been there many times, I know the city very much.我去过那儿多次，所以我很了解该市。
③完成进行式
完成进行式表示其动作在谓动词之前己经开始，一直持续到谓语动词发生时为止，且有可能仍在继续的动作。
I was satisfied for his having been looking after me day and night.他日夜照料我，我很满意。
Forgive me for my having been troubling you.原谅我打扰了你。
（2）动词的-ing形式的语态
动词的-ing形式有主动和被动两种形式，主动式通常表示它的逻辑主语是其动作的执行者；被动式通常表示逻辑主语是动作的承受者时。
①主动语态
Walking in the street yesterday afternoon, he came across Mr. Smith.昨天他在大街上散步时遇到了史密斯先生。
His often coming late made his boss very angry.他经常迟到使他的老板很恼火。
lipbalm②被动语态
动词的-ing形式的被动语态分为一般式和完成式两种。一般式(being danalogpowerone)表示一个被动动作正在进行，或与谓语动词的动作同时发生；完成式(having been done)表示一个被动动作发生在谓语动词的动作之前。
He has always insisted on his being called Dr. Turner instead of Mr. Turner.他坚持让
人家叫他特纳博士而不是特纳先生。
Do you mind Jam’s being left alone at home? 让詹姆自己在家你介意吗？
While shopping, people sometimes can't help being persuaded into buying something they don't really need.买东西时，人们有时情不自禁的被说服买一些他们确实不需要的东西。
I noticed the boy being beaten by his mother.我注意到那男孩挨他母亲的打。
Having been cheated many times, she now believes in nobody. 由于多次受骗，所以她现在对任何人都不信任。
③-动词的-ing形式主动式表被动含义
a. 在形容词worth之后的动名词，用主动形式表达被动含义。
---What do you think of the book? 你认为这本书怎么样？
---Oh, excellent. It’s worth reading a cond time. 奥，很好。值得再读一次。
The film is well worth reading.这部电影很值得看。
b. 在动词want, need, require后跟动名词的主动形式表达被动含义，当然这几个动词也可以跟不定式的被动形式去表达此意。二者无任何区别。
This ntence needs improving.= This ntence needs to be improved.这个句子需要改。
The room requires cleaning. =The room requires to be cleaned.房间需要打扫了。
My hair wants cutting. = My hair wants to be cut.我的头发需要理了。
巧记使用动词的-ing形式的主动和被动
一、作定语时，根据被修饰的名词是动词的-ing形式动作的执行者还是承受者来确定主动和被动，从而确定使用现在分词或过去分词。
1. Crusoe lit a fire and took from it a burning stick.
2. They emed to be eating something cooked on the fire.
二、作状语时，则根据句子主语是动词的-ing形式动作的执行者还是承受者确定主动还是被动。
1. Holding his head high,he walked past the pole and the soldiers as if they didn't exist.
2. The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students.
英语四级词汇三、作表语时，也是根据主语是动词的-ing形式动作的执行者还是承受者来确定。
1. The story sounds moving.
2. I was deeply moved when I saw the film.
四、作宾语补足语时，根据该宾语是动词的-ing形式动作的执行者还是承受者来确定。
1．在及物动词的复合宾语中：
仓储费
①I saw her opening the door.
②I saw the door opened.
2．在动词have后的复合宾语中：
①The two men had their light burning all night long.
②I had my bike repaired yesterday.
3．在介词london olympicwith后的复合宾语中:
solis①The picture only came out like a white circle with three black spots showing for a mouth and eyes.
②He stood for an instant with his hand still raid.
五、在独立主格结构中，应根据该主格名词或代词来确定。
1. Spring coming on,the trees turned green.
2.The signal given ,the bus started.
3、动词-ing形式的否定式
动词-ing形式的否定是在动名词前加not。
I'm sorry for not finishing my task on time.对不起没有准时完成任务。
---I must apologize for not letting you know ahead of time. 对不起没有提前通知你。
---That’s all right. 没关系。
Not knowing his telephone number, she had some difficulty getting in touch with Bill. 因为不知道比尔的电话号码，她和他联系遇到了困难。
4、动词-ing形式的复合结构
动词-ing形式的复合结构是由名词所有格或形容词性物主代词加动词-ing构成。名词所有格或形容词性物主代词是动名词的逻辑主语。
I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 你今天下午给我打电话我很感激。
Tom insisted on my coming to the party.汤姆坚持让我参加晚会。
What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.最让那个孩子担心的是不让他到医院看她妈妈。
We are looking forward to the doctor's coming to e her.我们都盼着医生来给她看病。
upon
