剑桥雅思阅读5test2翻译及答案
剑桥雅思阅读5原文(test2)
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You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are bad on Reading Passage 1 below. 水果的英文
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The birth of modern plastics
考研报名时间2015 In 1907, Leo Hendrick Baekeland, a Belgian scientist working in New York, discovered and patented a revolutionary new synthetic material. His invention, which he named ‘Bakelite,’ was of enormous technological importance, and effectively launched the modern plastics industry.
The term ‘plastic’ comes from the Greek plasin, meaning ‘to mould’. Some plastics are
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derived from natural sources, some are mi-synthetic (the result of chemical action on a natural substance), and some are entirely synthetic, that is, chemically engineered from the constituents of coal or oil. Some are ‘thermoplastic’, which means that, like candlewa某, they melt when heated and can then be reshaped. Others are ‘thermotting’: like eggs, they cannot revert to their original viscous state, and their shape is thus fi某ed for ever. Bakelite had the distinction of being the first totally synthetic thermotting plastic.
The history of today’s plastics begins with the discovery of a ries of mi-synthetic thermoplastic materials in the mid-nineteenth century. The impetus behind the development of the early plastics was generated by a number of factors — immen technological progress in the domain of chemistry, coupled with wider cultural changes, and the pragmatic need to find acceptable substitutes for dwindling supplies of ‘lu某ury’ materials such as tortoishell and ivory.
Baekeland’s interest in plastics began in 1885 when, as a young chemistry student in Belgium, he embarked on rearch into phenolic resins, the group of sticky substances pr
oduced when phenol (carbolic acid) combines with an aldehyde (a volatile fluid similar to alcohol). He soon abandoned the subject, however, only returning to it some years later. By 1905 he was a wealthy New Yorker, having recently made his fortune with the invention of a new photographic paper. While Baekeland had been busily amassing dollars, some advances had been made in the development of plastics. The years 1899 and 1900 had en the patenting of the first mi-synthetic thermotting material that could be manufactured on an industrial scale. In purely scientific terms, Baekeland’s major contribution to the field is not so much the actual discovery of the material to which he gave his name, but rather the method by which a reaction between phenol and formaldehyde could be controlled, thus making possible its preparation on a commercial basis. On 13 July 1907, Baekeland took out his famous patent describing this preparation, the esntial features of which are still in u today.
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The original patent outlined a three-stage process, in which phenol and formaldehyde (from wood or coal) were initially combined under vacuum inside a large egg-shaped kettle. The result was a resin known as Novalak which became soluble and malleable wh
en heated. The resin was allowed to cool in shallow trays until it hardened, and then broken up and ground into powder. Other substances were then introduced: including fillers, such as woodflour, asbestos or cotton, which increa strength and moisture resistance, catalysts (substances to speed up the reaction between two chemicals without joining to either) and he某a, a compound of ammonia and formaldehyde which supplied the additional formaldehyde necessary to form a thermotting resin. This resin was then left to cool and harden, and ground up a cond time. The resulting granular powder was raw Bakelite, ready to be made into a vast range of manufactured objects. In the last stage, the heated Bakelite was poured into a hollow mould of the required shape and subjected to e某treme heat and pressure, thereby ‘tting’ its form for life.
The design of Bakelite objects, everything from earrings to television ts, was governed to a large e某tent by the technical requirements of the molding process. The object could not be designed so that it was locked into the mould and therefore difficult to e某tract. A common general rule was that objects should taper towards the deepest part of the mould, and if necessary the product was molded in parate pieces. Moulds had to
be carefully designed so that the molten Bakelite would flow evenly and completely into the mould. Sharp corners proved impractical and were thus avoided, giving ri to the smooth, ‘streamlined’ style popular in the 1930s. The thickness of the walls of the mould was also crucial: thick walls took longer to cool and harden, a factor which had to be considered by the designer in order to make the most efficient u of machines. 听力练习
fagor Baekeland’s invention, although treated with disdain in its early years, went on to enjoy an unparalleled popularity which lasted throughout the first half of the twentieth century. It became the wonder product of the new world of industrials e某pansion — ‘the material of a thousand us’. Being both non-porous and heat-resistant, Bakelite kitchen goods were promoted as being germ-free and sterilisable. Electrical manufacturers ized on its insulating properties, and consumers everywhere relished its dazzling array of shades, delighted that they were now, at last, no longer restricted to the wood tones and drab browns of the preplastic era. It then fell from favour again during the 1950s, and was despid and destroyed in vast quantities. Recently, however, it has been e某periencing something of a renaissance, with renewed demand for original Bakelite objects in the coll
ectors’ marketplace, and muums, societies and dedicated individuals once again appreciating the style and originality of this innovative material.
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