premium是什么意思Must-Learn Terms 必记的术语
collap是什么意思
If you don't know the Latin terms, get to learning them ASAP, as they are commonly ud in speaking and writing and may be hard to avoid.
亲，如果你还不知道这些拉丁词汇，那么就赶紧行动吧！因为他们在日常写作和交流的时候是不可避免地会被用到的！
Per : （就其本身而言）The direct translation of this term is "by itlf" and it means just that when ud in English as well. You could u it to say that you don't find chemistry boring per (by itlf, intrinsically), but this professor's voice puts you to sleep. 例如：就化学本身而言我并不讨厌它，可是教授上课的声音总是让我想打瞌睡。
Vice versa: （反之亦然） From the Latin meaning "to change" or "turn around," this term means to rever the order of something . This quote from Samuel Butler provides an example, "In the midst of vice we are in virtue, and vice versa."
Alma mater: （母校 尤指大学）If you don't know this term already, you'll become quite familiar with it once you graduate from college. The literal translation is "dear/bountiful mother" but you'll find it ud in everyday language to denote the college or university from which one has graduated.
Magnum opus（大师之作/绝好的艺术作品）: Whether it's in writing, painting, sculpture or music, this Latin term denotes the greatest work done by an artist-- a true masterpiece.
Bona fide（在法律术语中指良好的意图/一般表示真诚的和善意的）: While it's literal translation means "good faith" this term has a few different shades of meaning in modern language. In legal terms, it is ud to reprent something that is prented without deception or fraud, or literally in good faith, honest, sincere and lawful. It is more commonly ud to mean something that's the real deal or truly authentic.
英语专业八级
Quasi（类似的，有如）: In Latin, this word means as if or as though and in English it is ud as both an adjective in its own right and as a part of a compound word. It simply designates something that rembles something el but doesn't quite have all the same features.
维丽娅Alter ego（密友，或者个性的另一面）: Cicero coined this term, most likely taken from the Greek, to mean "a cond lf" or "another I" and its modern meaning hasn't changed much today. Many people have an alter ego, or another, perhaps hidden aspect of themlves. One example from popular culture is Beyonce's alter ego, Sasha Fierce.
Verbatim（逐字逐句的/地）: If you repeat something verbatim you repeat it in exactly the same word
s, word for word with no changes and no improvisation.
Status quo（现状）: From the Latin meaning "the state in which" this term is ud today to designate the existing state or condition of things. For example, if you're making money off of a high pollution industry it is to your interests to maintain the status quo when it comes to environmental law.
Writing 写作的时候常用到的拉丁文
Knowing just what the terms and words mean can be a big help in improving your reading comprehension.
知道这些拉丁文可以有效地提高你的阅读理解能力。
Sic（这个是指原作品中出现了错误，编辑在此指出）: Found in writing, this Latin word most commonly finds a home in brackets (like this: [sic]) when quoting a statement or writing. It indicates that there is a spelling or grammar error (or just something out of the ordinary) in the original quotation and that the publication has only reproduced it faithfully, not made an error of their own.
Id est（缩写是i.e.，通常在作者想要给出具体的例子和解释的时候）: You've likely en this term in w
riting before, even if you weren't aware as it is commonly abbreviated In Latin, it means "that is" and is ud in English when the speaker or writer wants to give an example or explanation that specifies a statement.
Deus ex machina（解围的人或事件）: In direct translation, this term means, "God out of a machine" and it harkens back ancient Greek and Roman plays. When the plot would become too tangled or confusing, the writers would simply bring in God, lowered in via a pulley system (the machine) and he would wrap it all up. Today, it's still ud in literature to describe a plot where an artificial or improbable means of resolving a conflict is ud.
Exempli gratia（缩写是e.g.，这通常会用在例子前面，for the sake of example）: You'll often e this term abbreviated in writing. It means "for the sake of example" and when it e it in a ntence you can expect that is will be followed by some examples.
Et cetera（缩写是etc. 意思是and the others还有其他的）: Few out there aren't familiar with this term but may not know it as well when it's spelled out like this and not abbreviated as etc. Meaning "and the others" it is ud to denote that a list of things could continue ad infinitum (e below for definition) and that for the sake of brevity
accidentally
it's better to just wrap things up with a simple etc.
Ex libris（专指书籍 从...图书馆来）: Back in the days when books were rarer and more expensive commodities than they were today, it was common to mark your books with a label bearing your own name and this phra which means "from the library of." While not as common today, some true bibliophiles still u the labels.
Ibidem（缩写是ibid，常被用在文献页，指同一个资料来源被引用了两次）: Another abbreviated term, this word is more commonly en in rearch writing in the form of "ibid." From the Latin for "in the same place" it is found in footnotes and bibliographies to designate that the same source has been cited twice in succession.
Et alii（缩写是et al, 通常用在一本合著的书的某一个作者名字之后以省略罗列其他的作者名字）: You're unlikely to encounter this Latin phra in its unabbreviated form, and will most likely only ever e it as et al when included. This is also a term that is found in footnotes and bibliographies which allows writers to refer to a large number of authors without having to write each name out (for example, you could say that your source is Dr. Henry Jones et al.) Everyday Talk 日常生活中常用到的拉丁语
You've likely heard the words and phras on the news or in conversations, and if you didn't know what they meant then, the definitions will help make it clear now.
你有可能之前在新闻或者日常对话中听过这些短语，如果你还不清楚他们具体是什么意思，那么接下来的解释会让你更加清楚它们的含义。
Ad infinitum（to infinity 无止尽的）: You might be able to guess what this phra means simply through its similarity to the word we u in English. It means "to infinity" and can be ud to describe something that goes on, emingly or actually endlessly, as some students might feel about certain class.
De facto（事实上）: In Latin, de facto means "from the fact" and in u in English it is often ud to distinguish was is suppod to be the ca from what is actually the reality. For example, legally, employers are not allowed to discriminate in hiring becau of age, but many still practice de facto (in reality, in fact) discrimination.
In toto（in total, 总的来说/整体上）: No, this phra doesn't mean that the cute little dog from The Wizard of Oz ate something, it means in all or entirely. Think of it as saying "in total" in a really weird voice.
Ipso facto（本质上/事实证明）: Meaning "by the fact itlf" this commonly ud and misud term is denotes when something is true by its very nature. For example, if you don't feed your dog you are ipso facto a bad owner.
Tabula rasa（纯洁质朴天真的状态）: When you were a child, your mind might have been more of a tabula rasa than it is today. This Latin phra means "clean slate" and denotes something or someone not affected by experiences and impressions.
茄子的英语
Terra firma（坚实的陆地）: Tho who hate to fly or get riously asick will be able to put this term to good u. It means firm ground, and you might be thanking your lucky stars to be back on it after a trip through the air or rough waters.
六级怎么算分Mea culpa（是我的错）: If you want to admit your own guilt or wrongdoing in a situation, u this Latin phra that translates literally to "my fault." It's a bit like a fancier, less outdated way of saying "my bad."
Persona non grata（不受欢迎的人）: From the Latin meaning an "unacceptable person" this term designates someone who's no longer welcome in a social or business situation.
In situ（现场，就地）: If something happens in situ it happens in place or on site, though the term often designates something that exists in an original or natural state. Like a rare species sighted in situ or an invaluable artifact found on an archeological site.
In vitro（在试管内）: Most students will be familiar with this term becau of modern fertility treatments, but have you ever considered what the term actually means? In Latin, in vitro means "in glass" and any biological process that occurs in the laboratory rather than in the body or a natural tting can be called in vitro.
In vivo（在活体内）: While an experiment taking place in a glass test tube might not cau a stir, many are up in arms about this kind of experimentation. In vivo means "within the living" and the two most common examples of this kind of experimentation are animal testing and clinical trials.
Ante bellum（战前，尤指美国南北战争）: During your history cours, you're bound to encounter this term. It means in the most basic n "before the war" and while it can be applied to any war it is most commonly ud to refer to the American Civil War and the Antebellum Era the preceded it.
Arguments and Logic 做逻辑和争论
Reprenting arguments as old as philosophy itlf and the terms associated with them, the terms are good to know for a well-rounded education.
A priori: You might come across this term in class about logic or reasoning. It means taking a general law or idea and applying it to a particular instance without needing experimentation or obrvation. An example of an a priori statement that is ud is, "all bachelors are single." You do not need to obrve this to e that it is true becau, by definition, bachelors must be single.
A posteriori: A posteriori arguments are different than a priori becau they are bad on actual obrvation or experimentation. Continuing on the previous example, an a posteriori example of reasoning might be that "some bachelors are happy." This can be bad on real life obrvation isn't a given bad on what a bachelor is.
指出英语Ad nauam: This Latin term is ud to describe an argument that has been taking place to the point of naua, often with the same arguments being rehashed over and over for years until everyone, except a lect few, are simply sick to death of the whole thing.
Ergo: Simply put, ergo means therefore and you can exchange it with therefore or hence in any ntence and maintain the same meaning. For example, you could say, "I think, ergo I am" without c
hanging the meaning of the original.
Legal Language
One place where Latin words are very commonly ud is in the courtroom. Learn some of the basic legal words to help you better understand Law and Order and how the legal process works.
Compis mentis: Meaning "in command of one's mind" this term is ud in the legal field to denote someone who is competent to stand trial and not encumbered by mental illness or handicap.
Subpoena: If you've ever watched a legal drama on TV, you've more than likely heard this term thrown around but perhaps haven't given much thought as to what it really means. The word subpoena comes from the Latin meaning "under penalty" and if someone delivers a subpoena to you have to respond or they'll be some big penalties under the law.
Ad hominem: In court, or outside of it for that matter, this term is ud to designate an argument that attacks someone's character rather than addressing a question or issue at hand. By attacking character, the arguments appeal to emotions and prejudices rather than reason or logic.
Habeas corpus: A writ of habeas corpus (literally, have the body) requires a person to appear before 滥交
the court in person, generally to ascertain whether or not the detention of that person is lawful. Habeas corpus cannot be suspended unless there is reason to believe that a person could po a danger to the public.
Pro bono: Pro bono means "for the good" and it's a term ud to designate when something is done free of charge. While the term can be applied in any field, it is most commonly ud to describe legal rvices.
Mens rea: There is a big difference between murder and manslaughter, and mens rea is what parates the two. Mens rea means "guilty mind," and tho who go into a crime intending to commit it have it, differing from tho who commit a crime accidentally or without advance planning.
Business
It's always good to know the language of business, especially in such a competitive market. No matter what field you enter, you're bound to hear the words at some point in your career.
Ad hoc: From the Latin meaning "to this," this term gained popularity in the mid-1600s and it still ud today. It refers to something that is formed or done quickly to meets the needs of a particular pr
oblem or issue without regard to a more general application and generally lacking advance planning.
Per diem: Meaning "by the day" a per diem in most us today designates a daily allowance ud in traveling for work. It can also mean a per-day rate or that someone is paid on a daily basis. Other common similar terms are per annum (by the year) and per capita (by the person.)
Curriculum vitae: A curriculum vitae is basically a fancy way to describe a resume. While it means literally "the cour of one's life" the terms is applied to mean a short list of your accomplishments and training-- something any grad will need to think about putting together soon.
Pro rata: This Latin phra is something you're likely familiar with in everyday life. It means to charge at a proportional rate. So if a rvice is $100 for 10 hours, then one would cost $10 pro rata.
Quid pro quo: While Anthony Hopkins so sinisterly ud this phra in The Silence of the Lambs, in everyday life it's often ud to describe an exchange of value necessary for a contract to take place. From the Latin meaning "this for that," it gets ud in everywhere from the courtroom to the bedroom in modern English.
Quotes and Sayings
The quotes and sayings in Latin get tosd around, put on bumper stickers and repeated in conversations so they're well-worth knowing.
Carpe diem: This well-known phra comes from a poem by Horace. While there have been arguments about the exact translation, it is most commonly held to mean "ize the day" encouraging individuals to live life to the fullest today without expectation of a tomorrow.
Cogito ergo sum: Translated from the Latin, the quote means "I think, therefore I am" and comes from the writing of philosopher Rene Descartes.
Veni, vidi, vici: The famous words were purported uttered by Roman emperor Julius Caesar after a short war with Pharnaces II of Pontus. Translated, it means "I came, I saw, I conquered" an adage you can hopefully keep in mind come finals time.高级英语 张汉熙
In vino veritas: If you're old enough to drink or have been around others who have imbibed, you're more than likely already familiar with the wisdom behind this quote from Pliny the Elder meaning, "in wine there is the truth." It is often followed up with "in aqua sanitas" or "in water there is health"-- something all college students should remember.
E pluribus unum: Simply take a look at American currency to e this Latin phra in u. It means "out of many, one" and is found on anything bearing the al of the United States.
Et tu, Brute?: The are the famous last words of Julius Caesar after he is murdered by his friend Marcus Brutus in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. They mean "Even you, Brutus?" and are ud poetically today to designate any form of the utmost betrayal.
