An industrial revolution is a fundamental economic change:
between 1770 and 1850 the economy of England changed from mostly agricultural to mostly industrial
this was the result not of one key invention but of technological progress in different fields coming together
its center is the development of factories (which hadn't really existed before this time), but they couldn't have developed without better transportation creating larger markets and better transportation couldn't have existed without the growth of the iron industry, which couldn't have grown without steam engines
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society had a hard time adjusting to the new economic system Caus of the British Industrial Revolution:
expansion of trade, mercantile economic policy (e previous lecture) decline of:
feudalism--farmers were no longer bound to the land
guild system--the guild for a particular trade could no longer control who t up a new business
the system of customary prices--the market is more free, instead of the old system where changing the price becau of a shortage was en as profiteering凤凰学习网
agricultural changes
enclosure =the abolishment of the old system of communal farming and its replacement with family farms. Suppodly everyone had the same share of land as before, but the smallest farmers didn't have enough to survive as an independent farm and they went out of business and went looking for work. Took place 16th century to about 1820.
boltingfour field crop rotation--wheat, turnips, barley, clover or alfalfa (turnips and hay crops make it possible to keep more livestock)
new scientific approaches to farming (one of the pioneer scientific investigators of agriculture was an Englishman named Jethro Tull ) average agricultural surplus per worker doubled from about 25% to about 50%
workers no longer needed in agriculture were available for industrial jobs (discussion)
Iron:
by 1720 most iron in England was imported due to a shortage of charcoal for smelting
in 1709 Abraham Darby invented a way of smelting iron using coke
(procesd coal) instead of charcoal
the iron industry took off after 1760 since iron ore and coal were both very plentiful in England
1779 Iron Bridge ( photo )
The Steam Engine:
Newcomen Engine (about 1712) filled a cylinder with steam and then condend it to draw the piston down. 1/2% efficient, but widely ud to pump water out of coal mines.
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Watt Engine (1774) had had a parate condenr, making the engine much more efficient
James Watt later added:
sun and planet gear converted reciprocating into rotary motion to power machines
automatic control mechanism
double-acting engine made for much smoother power Transportation Technology:
improved roads built in large numbers 1750-1815 (about 1000 miles), reduced transportation costs 20-30%
Canals
檄文的意思The Duke of Bridgewater's Canal started in 1759--7 miles but had to cross a river valley. People thought this was a wild dream, but built in 5 years. Very profitable--halved the cost of coal in Manchester
canal building boom 1750-1800--by 1830 England had 3875 miles of navigable water (though only 1/3 of that was canals). The Oxford canal paid a 30% return for 30 years.
provided much cheaper transportation of bulky goods
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The Factory System:
成都托福培训the first big industry was cotton textile factories, though other kinds of factories developed as well
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machines had been ud some by workers who did piece work at home with spinning wheels and hand looms. What brought the workers together into a factory was the invention of machines for spinning that could spin more than one thread at a time and then the application of water power first to spinning and then to weaving James Hargreaves, Spinning Jenny , invented 1764-1770
Roger Arkwright, Water Frame , 1769
Samuel Crompton, Mule , 1774-1779
Edmund Cartwright, Power Loom, 1786-1788
With the technologies the industry took off--by 1833 237,000 people
were employed in cotton textile factories in England
this was a whole new way of life
46% of workers were women, 15% children under the age of 13 ( Child Labor )
wages were barely enough for a family to survive if all members over the age of 8 worked
in some areas 1/2 to 3/4 of worker families lived in a single room with no plumbing (dumped their chamber pot into the street or gutter)
for examples e Living and Working Conditions in the Industrial Revolution
reform laws started in 1833-- factory act of 1833 forbade employment of children under 9 and limited hours for children to 9 hours a day for children 9-13 and 12 hours a day for children 13-18
中环百联地址Chartist movement fought unsuccessfully for political change, but conditions gradually improvedmnv
中英对照供参考：
工业革命
指从农业和手工业经济转变到以工业和机器生产为主的变化过程。始于18世纪的英国。技术上的改变包括：钢铁和新能源的使用、提高产量的新机器的发明(包括多锭纺纱机)、工厂体系的发展、交通和通信的重要发展(包括蒸汽发动机和电报机)，其他改变还包括：农业的改进、更加广泛的财富分配、反映出经济力量转移及全面社会变革的政治变化。1760～1830年间产业革命基本上仅发生在英国，后来又传播到比利时和法国。其他国家则滞后一些，但德国、美国和日本产业革命开始后，取得的成就则超过了英国最初的成功。东欧各国则延迟到20世纪，直到20世纪中叶，产业革命才传到中国和印度。
许多分析证据表明，由于采用了新材料和新能源、自动化工厂、新的生产资料所有制，以及自由放任主义管理的转变，20世纪末发生了第二次产业革命，或称新产业革命。
Industrial Revolution
Process of change from an agrarian, handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacture.
It began in England in the 18th century. Technological changes
included the u of iron and steel, new energy sources, invention of new machines that incread production (including the spinning jenny), development of the factory system, and important developments in transportation and communication (including the steam engine and telegraph). Other changes included agricultural improvements, a wider distribution of wealth, political changes reflecting the shift in economic power, and sweeping social changes. The Industrial Revolution was largely confined to Britain from 1760 to 1830, then spread to Belgium and France. Other nations lagged behind, but once Germany, the U.S., and Japan achieved industrial power they outstripped Britain's initial success. Eastern European countries lagged into the 20th century, and not until the mid-20th century did the Industrial Revolution spread to such countries as China and India. Many an
alysts saw evidence of a cond, or new, industrial revolution in the later 20th century, with the u of new materials and energy sources, automated factories, new ownership of the means of production, and a shift away from laisz-faire government.
