1．名词、冠词、代词及主谓一致
1.1 名词
1.1.1 名词的数
1.1.1.1 经常用作单数的名词
(1) 一些以s结尾的学科、疾病的名称及其他的名词：electronics, physics, optics, linguistics mathematics, politics, statistics, arthritis (关节炎)，bronchitis (支气管炎)，measles (麻疹)，classics, news etc.
(2) 无s结尾的一些抽象名词或某些具体名词的总称：information, knowledge, work, advice, weather, fun, luck, trouble, music, progress, happiness, machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, evidence, homework, etc.
1.1.1.2 经常用作复数的名词
（1）单数结尾复数概念的名词：people, police, militia, cattle, staff, poultry, livestock, vermi
irreversiblen (害虫)， personnel, 以及由the +形容词的一类人或物。
（2）复数结尾复数概念的名词：
a.本身有两部件组成的物件 pants, spectacles, scissors, shoes, trours, socks. etc.
b. 常具有复数词尾，但一般不具有单数的名词 如 belongings, savings, earnings, surroundings, lodgings (租住的房间), clothes, goods, congratulations, manners (礼貌，规矩)，thanks, particulars (细节)， spirits(情绪)，funds, pains(辛苦)，arms (武器)，troops, regards.
1.1.1.3 某些集体名词的特殊用法
某些集合名词如 audience, firm, class, government, party, board, couple, crew, committee, family, public, team, group， etc. 既可做复数又可做单数， 视具体情况而定。
1.1.1.4 单复同形的名词：fish, deer, aircraft, sheep, youth, Chine, Japane, means, species, barracks (兵营)，headquarters, crossroads, ries, works etc. 其谓语形式视具体情况而定。
1.1.1.5 由连词符构成的名词
（1）有主体名词时变主体名词 如 lookers-on, comrades-in-arms, editors-in-chief, sons-in-law, runners-up, etc.
(2) 没有主体名词加在词尾如 go-betweens, grown-ups.
court(3) man 和woman构成的合成名词都要变成复数 men-rvants, women doctors.
1.1.1.6 不规则名词复数变化
（1）-sis变-s
analysis-analys, crisis-cris, basis-bas, thesis-thes, diagnosis-diagnos, hypothesis-hypothes.
(2)-um变-a
datum-data, bacterium-bacteria, spectrum-spectra, medium-media
(3)-us变-i
nucleus-nuclei, focus-foci
cancer是什么意思
(4)-on变-a
criterion-criteria, phenomenon-phenomena.
1.1.1.7固定结构中的名词复数形式
take pains
make arrangements
zacefronmake preparations,
be on good terms with
be in high/low spirits网易有道
extend thanks to
by means of
give regards to
be at odds with
give respects to
sing the prais of
1.1.2 名词的格 ’s.
重荷(1) 独立属格（Independent Genitive）：省略中心名词，名词属格独立充当一定的句子成分。往往指某人的家、教堂、学校等公共场所，或者店铺、公司等。如：
在线日语学习I’m going to dine at my sister’s.
Joe lives near St. Paul’s in London.
He was educated at Merchant Taylor’s.
He bought some meat at the butcher’s.
(2) 双重属格（Double Genitive）
独立属格在of 词组后作介词补充成分，就构成双重属格。如：a friend of my father’s, this brilliant idea of David’s。适用场合：
1）当被修饰的词前面有一个表示数量的词（如：a, two, some, any, no, few等），例如：
a painting of my colleague’s
breeds some students of Lao Yang’s
2)当被修饰的词前面有一个指示代词
that performance of the teachers’
bbc 纪录片
this clever remark of your sister’s
用于这种场合的双重所有格多数有爱憎褒贬等感情色彩。
有时of属格与双重所有格意义无甚区别，如：
厚味a friend of my brother/a friend of my brother’s
有时两种属格意义有很大的区别，如：
a portrait of Mr Brown’s
a portrait of Mr Brown
(3)常用习语
