微观经济学词汇完整版
作者：汤井旗
Ten Principles of Microeconomics
#1: People Face Tradeoffs
#2: The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It
#3: Rational People Think at the Margin
#4: People Respond to Incentives
#5: Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off
#6: Markets Are Usually a Good Way to Organize Economic Activity
#7: Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes
#8: A Country’s Standard of Living Depends on Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services
#9: Prices Ri When the Government Prints Too Much Money
#10: Society Faces a Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemployment
scarcity稀缺性 the lim ited nature of society’s resources
efficiency效率 the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources
equity公平 the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society
opportunity cost机会成本 whatever must be given up to obtain some item
marginal changes边际变动 small incremental adjustments to a plan of action
market economy市场经济 an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and houholds as they interact in markets for goods and rvices market failure市场失灵 a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently
externality外部性the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander
market power市场势力the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a subs
tantial influence on market prices
productivity生产力the amount of goods and rvices produced from each hour of a worker’s time
Phillips curve菲利普斯曲线 a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment
circular-flow diagram循环流向图 a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among houholds and firms
production possibilities frontier生产可能性边界 a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology
microeconomics微观经济学 the study of how houholds and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
macroeconomics宏观经济学 the study of economy-wide phenomena,including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
positive statements实证表述claims that attempt to describe the world as it is
normative statements规范表述 claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be rever causality反向因果关系
competitive market竞争性市场a market in which there are manybuyers and many llers so that eachhas a negligible impact on the marketprice
price takers价格接受者tho who have no impact on price but can only accept the price
Perfectly competitive markets竞争充分市场
businessweekOne such market,called an oligopoly寡头市场,has a few llers that do not always compete
aggressively
law of demand：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when
the price of the good ris
xiaofan
law of supply：the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good ris when the
price of the good ris
normal good正常商品：a good for which, other things equal, an increa in income leads to an
increa in demand
inferior good劣质商品：a good for which, other things equal, an increa in income leads to a
decrea in demand
substitutes替代品：two goods for which an increa in the price of one leads to an increa in
the demand for the other
complements互补品：two goods for which an increa in the price of one leads to a decrea in
the demand for the other
demand schedule需求表：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and
the quantity demanded
supply schedule：a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the
不差上下
quantity supplied
ceteris paribus其它条件不变：a Latin phra, translated as “other things being equal,” ud as a reminder that all variables other than the ones being studied are assumed to be constant多少钱用英语怎么说
A 10 percent increa in the price caus a 12 percent drop in teenage smoking（这句话让我说
肯定是in smoking among teenagers）
At an even lower price, you may choo to go out of business altogether (这个词的用法以前没
怎么注意，此处可以翻译为“直接”)
Equilibrium均衡a situation in which supply and demand have been brought into balance
equilibrium price均衡价格the price that balances supply and demand
equilibrium quantity均衡数量the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded when the price
has adjusted to balance supply and demand
The equilibrium price is sometimes called the market-clearing price市场出清价格becau,at挽回男人
this price, everyone in the market has been satisfied: Buyers have bought all they want to buy,
and llers have sold all they want to ll
There is no upward or downward pressure on the price
law of supply and demand供需法则the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the
supply and demand for that good into balance
shortage短缺a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied
surplus过剩a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded
Elasticity弹性a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to
one of its determinants
price elasticity of demand需求的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a
good responds to a change in the price of that good,computed as the percentage change in
quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price
every single dayincome elasticity of demand需求的收入弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded
of a good responds to a change in consumers’ income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income
cross-price elasticity of demand需求交叉价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good,computed as the percentage changein quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the cond good
price elasticity of supply供给的价格弹性a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good,computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price
Demand for a good is said to be elastic if the quantity demanded responds substantially to changes in the price.Demand is said to be inelastic if the quantity demanded responds only slightly to changes in the price.
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midpoint method中点法经济学中计算弹性的一种方法
elastic demand弹性需求
inelastic demand非弹性需求
price ceiling最高限价a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold (impo a price ceiling/floor)
price floor最低限价a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold
When the government impos a binding price ceiling on a competitive market, a shortage of the good aris,and llers must ration the scarce goods among the large number of potential buyers.
tax incidence税收归宿the study of who bears the burden of taxation
payroll tax：工资税
A tax burden falls more heavily on the side of the market that is less elastic.
welfare economics福利经济学the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-bein
g
willingness to pay支付意愿the maximum amount that a buyer will pay for a good
consumer surplus消费者剩余a buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays
producer surplus生产者剩余the amount a ller is paid for a good minus the ller’s cost marginal buyer边际买家the buyer who would leave the market first if the price were any higher marginal ller边际卖家the ller who would leave the market first if the price were any lower efficiency效率the property of a resource allocation of maximizing the total surplus received by all members of society
equity公平the fairness of the distribution of well-being among the members of society
In some markets,a single buyer or ller(or a small group of them)may be able to control market prices. This ability to influence prices is called market power市场势力.
market failure市场失灵—the inability of some unregulated markets to allocate resources efficiently
deadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失the fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax
Taxes cau deadweight loss becau they prevent buyers and llers from realizing some of the gains from trade.
The greater the elasticities of supply and demand, the greater the deadweight loss of a tax.
marginal tax rate边际税率
underground economy地下经济
Laffer curve拉弗曲线
supply-side economics供应经济学建造师培训班
world price世界价格the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good
import quota进口配额a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold
domestically
deadweight loss无谓损失/社会净损失：是指由于市场未处于最优运行状态而引起的社会成
本，也就是当偏离竞争均衡时，所损失的消费者剩余和生产者剩余。
externality外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害或有益的影响
positive externality正外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有益影
响
negative externality负外部性：一个经济主体的经济活动对另一个经济主体所产生的有害影
响
social cost社会成本：是从社会角度来看的成本，等于生产成本加上给他人和社会所带来的
损失
internalizing an externality外部性内化altering incentives so that people take account of the
external effects of their actions
technology spillover技术外溢：指外商投资、跨国贸易等对东道国相关产业或企业的产品开
发技术、生产技术、管理技术、营销技术等产生的提升效应
lucifer什么意思
technology policy技术政策Government intervention in the economy that aims
to promote technology-enhancing industries is called technology policy
property right财产权
Coa theorem科斯定理the proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the
allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
transaction costs交易成本the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following
through on a bargain
Command-and-control policies（命令-控制性政策）regulate behavior directly
Market-bad policies（市场性政策）provide incentives so that private decision makers will
choo to solve the problem on their own
Pigovian tax庇古税a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality
If you have ever been stuck in bumper-to-bumper traffic
Tradable pollution permits可转让污染许可证
Right to pollute /pollution right污染权
A moment’s thought（稍作思考）reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had
in mind
Excludability排他性the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it
Rivalry竞争性the property of a good whereby one person’s u diminishes other people’s u private goods私人物品goods that are both excludable and rival
public goods公共物品goods that are neither excludable nor rival
common resources共有资源goods that are rival but not excludable
natural monopoly自然垄断/自然独占
excludable goods排他性物品
rival goods竞争性物品
toll road收费公路
free rider搭便车者/免费享用公共物品者a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for it
profit-eking firms tend to free ride（作动词用）on the knowledge created by others
cost-benefit analysis成本效益分析a study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing apublic good
Tragedy of the Commons公地悲剧a parable that illustrates why common resources get ud more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole
bulletinboardToday, all taxes taken together—including personal income taxes, corporate income taxes, payroll taxes, sales taxes, and property taxes—u up about a third of the average American’s income
In many European countries, the tax bite is even larger.
The family’s tax liability(how much it owes) is then bad on its total income.
charitable donation/giving慈善捐款
When the government run s a budget surplus,it us the excess receipts to reduce its outstanding debts
average tax rate平均税率total taxes paid divided by total income
marginal tax rate边际税率the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income
benefits principle受益原则the idea that people should pay taxes bad on the benefits they receive from government rvices
vertical equity纵向公平the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts
horizontal equity横向公平the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount
proportional tax比例税a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income
regressive tax累退税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
progressive tax累进税a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Would it be more fair to give the Smiths a tax break税收减免 to help them offt their high medical expens?
flypaper theory粘蝇纸理论of tax incidence. According to this theory, the burden of a tax, like a fly on flypaper, sticks wherever it first lands. This assumption, however, is rarely valid
flat tax单一税率
total revenue总收益the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output
total cost总成本the market value of the inputs a firm us in production
explicit costs显性成本input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm
implicit costs隐性成本input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm economic profit经济利润total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs accounting profit会计利润total revenue minus total explicit cost
production function生产函数the relationship between quantity of inputs ud to make a good and the quantity of output of that good
marginal product边际产量the increa in output that aris from an additional unit of input diminishing marginal product边际产量递减the property whereby the marginal product of an
