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2021年托福听力模拟试题及答案（卷十六）
Aggression
When one animal attacks another, it engages in the most obvious example of aggressive behavior. Psychologists have adopted veral approaches to understanding aggressive behavior in people.
The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In respon to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, who brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.
An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natu
ral and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Tho individuals who posss characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Becau aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subquent generations.
The sociobiology view has been attacked on numerous grounds. One is that people’s capacity to outwit other species, not their aggressiveness, appears to be the dominant factor in human survival. Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by, or at the mercy of, aggressive impuls.biad
The Psychodynamic Approach. Theorists adopting the psychodynamic approach hold th
definition是什么意思at inner conflicts are crucial for understanding human behavior, including aggression. Sigmund Freud, for example, believed that aggressive impuls are inevitable reactions to the frustrations of daily life. Children normally desire to vent aggressive impuls on other people, including their parents, becau even the most attentive parents cannot gratify all of their demands immediately. Yet children, also fearing their parents’ punishment and the loss of parental love, come to repress most aggressive impuls. The Freudian perspective, in a n: es us as "steam engines." By holding in rather than venting "steam," we t the stage for future explosions. Pent-up aggressive impuls demand outlets. They may be expresd toward parents in indirect ways such as destroying furniture, or they may be expresd toward strangers later in life.
英语四级历年真题 According to psychodynamic theory, the best ways to prevent harmful aggression may be to encourage less harmful aggression. In the steam-engine analogy, verbal aggression may vent some of the aggressive steam. So might cheering on one’s favorite sports team. Psychoanalysts, therapists adopting a psychodynamic approach, refer to the venting of aggressive impuls as "catharsis." Catharsis is theorized to be a safety valve.
But rearch findings on the ufulness of catharsis are mixed. Some studies suggest that catharsis leads to reductions in tension and a lowered likelihood of future aggression. Other studies, however, suggest that letting some steam escape actually encourages more aggression later on.
The Cognitive Approach. Cognitive psychologists asrt that our behavior is influenced by our values, by the ways in which we interpret our situations and by choice. For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a particular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.
One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings. The feelings, in turn, can lead to aggressive action, but not automatically. Cognitive factors intervene. People decide whether they will act aggressively or not on the basis of factors such as their experiences with aggression and their interpretation of o
ther people’s motives. Supporting evidence comes from rearch showing that aggressive people often distort other people’s motives. For example, they assume that other people mean them harm when they do not.
qp是什么意思 Catharsis: In psychodynamic theory, the purging of strong emotions or the relieving of tensions.
Paragraph 2: The Biological Approach. Numerous biological structures and chemicals appear to be involved in aggression. One is the hypothalamus, a region of the brain. In respon to certain stimuli, many animals show instinctive aggressive reactions. The hypothalamus appears to be involved in this inborn reaction pattern: electrical stimulation of part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals. In people, however, who brains are more complex, other brain structures apparently moderate possible instincts.
1. According to paragraph 2, what evidence indicates that aggression in animals is related to the hypothalamus?
Some aggressive animal species have a highly developed hypothalamus.
Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus delays animals’ inborn reaction patterns.
Animals behaving aggressively show incread activity in the hypothalamus.
Animals who lack a hypothalamus display few aggressive tendencies.
月底英文 Paragraph 3: An offshoot of the biological approach called sociobiology suggests that aggression is natural and even desirable for people. Sociobiology views much social behavior, including aggressive behavior, as genetically determined. Consider Darwin’s theory of evolution. Darwin held that many more individuals are produced than can find food and survive into adulthood. A struggle for survival follows. Tho individuals who posss characteristics that provide them with an advantage in the struggle for existence are more likely to survive and contribute their genes to the next generation. In many species, such characteristics include aggressiveness. Becau aggressive individuals are more likely to survive and reproduce, whatever genes are linked to aggressive behavior are more likely to be transmitted to subquent generations.solo什么意思>borehole
