Birdsong
Words & Phras
1. genes (hereditary information) and environment both have a crucial role to play in the behavioral development of animals：基因（遗传信息）和环境在动物的行为发展中都有重要作用
crucial：adj. 重要的=critical=fundamental=esntial=important
2. hand-reared chicks：一手养大的小鸟
rear：v. 养育=raisystem volume
3. They are thus able to store a memory of the sound within their brain and then match fshtheir own output to their recollection of it when they mature.
Within：prep. 在…内部=in
Match…to…把…和…匹配
Recollection：n. 回忆
Mature：v. 成熟；adj. 成熟的
4. The constraints may be in their brain’s circuitry, the young bird hatching with a rough idea of the sounds that it should copy.
brain’s circuitry：大脑的回路
hatch：v. 孵化
rough idea：大致粗略的想法
5. The crude song of a bird reared in isolation gives some clues as to what this rough idea may be
a bird reared in isolation：被孤立养大的鸟
as to：关于=about=concerning
6. In other cas the main learning period is when they t up their territories and interact with neighbors for the first time, enabling them to match their neighbor’s songs and so countering with them.
t up their territories：成立它们的领地
counter：v. 对抗=resist
counterexample：反例；counterargument：反对观点
7. There are some species which produce normal sounds even if deaf, so that they cannot hear their own efforts, much less copy tho of others.
Deaf：adj. 聋的
much less：更不用提=let alone
Syntax
1. Thus, in a number of species, it has been found that they will not copy from recordings, but will do so from a live tutor.
do so代替前文出现的copy from recordings
整句话意思是：因此，在许多物种中，发现它们不会从录音中模仿发声，但会从一个鲜活的导师那里模仿发声。
Abstract → Concrete
1. In general, however, the constraints on learning which birds have ensure that they only learn songs appropriate to the species to which they themlves belong.
Constraints这个抽象概念指的是那些具体的限制，下文是如何展开的？
整句话的中文意思是：然而整体来看，对“学习哪些鸟叫声”的限制确保materiality了它们只学自己所属于的物种的鸟的恰当的叫声。
ensure：v. 确保，保证
appropriate：adj. 恰当的，合适的=suitable
2. However, not all birds show the same learning pattern as do chaffinches.
下文中提到的鸟类还有什么不同于chaffinches的声音学习模式？
The Role of Diapau
Words & Phras
1. The role of 考研初试成绩查询diapaus: 滞育的作用
Diapaus：n. 滞育，发育停止，间歇期
2. If conditions within an organism’s environment occasionally or regularly become harsh, it may be advantageous for an organism to have a resistant stage built into the life cycle.
within：prep. =in, 在…内部
harsh：adj. （气候或条件）艰苦的，恶劣的Harsh climates or conditions are very difficult
for people, animals, and plants to live in.
a resistant stage: 一个抵抗阶段
3. with different levels of suppression of physiological activities
伴随着不同程度的生理活动的压制
4. the temperate and polar regions：温带和极地地区
5. many eds require a period of stratification, exposure to low temperatures for some minimum period, before they will germinate
a period of stratification：层化期
exposure to low temperatures：暴露于低温
minimum period：最短的时间
germinate：v. 发芽
6. 英汉翻译软件following the winter conditions rather than immediately prior to their ont
在冬天之后而不是紧挨着冬天开始之前
7. In contrast：相反，不同的是
Contrast是对比，找不同点
Compare是类比，找相同点
当然有时候不严格区分，compare也可以泛指比较
8. po considerable problems for organisms
给生物构成大量的问题
9. the verity of the unfavorable period：不利时期的严重性
verity=riousness严重性（考过词汇题）
10. awaits favorable conditions等着有利的条件（的到来）
11. This marsupial inhabits the derts of central Australia：这种有袋动物居住在中部澳大利亚的沙漠里
taichi12. plant productivity is sufficient to support her offspring：植物生产力足以去供养她的后代 offspring=descendant=posterity都是后代的意思（考过词汇题）
13. embryonic diapau during gestation：怀孕期间胚胎的滞育
embryonic: adj. 胚胎的；embryo：n. 胚胎
gestation：n. 怀孕，怀孕期间（了解即可）
14. the female gives birth to a tiny helpless young typical of marsupials
gives birth to：生出，产出
typical of：是…的特征，是…的典型
marsupials：有袋动物
15. crawls into the mother’s pouch and attaches to a teat
爬进妈妈的袋子并且附到乳头上
teat：n. 乳头（了解即可）
16. freeze the development of an embryo during times of drought and food shortage
冻结胚胎在干旱和食物短缺期间的发育
17. accelerated development：加快发育
18. amphibian：n. 两栖动物 reptile：爬行动物；mammal：哺乳动物
19. Adults of this species burrow deeply into the 专业美容培训substrate where it is cooler and perhaps more moist.
burrow：n. 洞穴；v. 挖洞
substrate：n. 基底层，底土层
sub(下面)+strate(层)=substrate(底层)
stratum：n. 层，岩层
stratify：v. 使分层，层化
stratification： n. (社会)分层
moist：adj. 潮湿的
20. When it rains, the adults emerge and congregate to mate at temporary ponds.
emerge：v. 冒出，出现
congregate：v. 聚集
mate: v. 交配；n. 配偶
eg. classmate, teammate, roommate
temporary ponds:临时的池塘
21. woundDevelopment is greatly accelerated: the eggs hatchpreferences是什么意思 within 48 hours, and the tadpoles change into altitudetoads at 16-18 days.
