Restatement of the Law, Third, Torts: Products Liability (Black Letters) by The American Law Institute | 《法律包罗万象英语重述（第三版）:侵权法·产品责任编》 (法律条文部分） 美国法学会 1998年出版 |
Chapter 1- Liability of Commercial Product Sellers Bad on Product Defects at Time of Sale Topic 1- Liability Rules Applicable to Products Generally §1. Liability of Commercial Seller or Distributor for Harm Caud by Defective Products One engaged in the business of lling or otherwi distributing products who lls or distributes a defective product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caud by the defect. §2.Categories of Product Defect A product is defective when, at the time of sale or distribution, it contains a manufacturing defect, is defective in design, or is defective becau of inadequate instructions or warnings. A product: (a) contains a manufacturing defect when the product departs from its intended design even though all possible care was exercid in the preparation and marketing of the product; (b) is defective in design when the foreeable risks of harm pod by the product could have been reduced or avoided by the adoption of a reasonable alternative design by the ller or other distributor, or a predecessor in the commercial chain of distribution, and the omission of the alternative design renders the product not reasonably safe; (c) is defective becau of inadequate instructions or warnings when the foreeable risks of harm pod by the product could have been reduced or avoided by the provision of reasonable instructions or warnings by the ller or other distributor, or a predecessor in the commercial chain of distribution, and the omission of the instructions or warnings renders the product not reasonably safe. §3. Circumstantial Evidence Supporting Inference of Product Defect It may be inferred that the harm sustained by the plaintiff was caud by a product defect existing at the time of sale or distribution, without proof of a specific defect, when the incident that harmed the plaintiff: (a) was of a kind that ordinarily occurs as a result of product defect; and 大学英语四六级准考证打印入口(b) was not, in the particular ca, solely the result of caus other than product defect existing at the time of sale or distribution. §4.Noncompliance and Compliance with Product Safety Statutes or Regulations In connection with liability for defective design or inadequate instructions or warnings: (a) a product's noncompliance with an applicable product safety statute or administrative regulation renders the product defective with respect to the risks sought to be reduced by the statute or regulation; and (b) a product's compliance with an applicable product safety statute or administrative regulation is properly considered in determining whether the product is defective with respect to the risks sought to be reduced by the statute or regulation, but such compliance does not preclude as a matter of law a finding of product defect. Topic 2- Liability Rules Applicable to Special Products or Product Markets §5.Liability of Commercial Seller or Distributor of Product Components for Harm Caud by Products Into Which Components Are Integrated One engaged in the business of lling or otherwi distributing product components who lls or distributes a component is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caud by a product into which the component is integrated if: (a) the component is defective in itlf, as defined in this Chapter, and the defect caus the harm; or (b)(1) the ller or distributor of the component substantially participates in the integration of the component into the design of the product; and (2) the integration of the component caus the product to be defective, as defined in this Chapter; and (3) the defect in the product caus the harm. §6. Liability of Commercial Seller or Distributor for Harm Caud by Defective Prescription Drugs and Medical Devices (a) A manufacturer of a prescription drug or medical device who lls or otherwi distributes a defective drug or medical device is subject to liability for harm to persons caud by the defect. A prescription drug or medical device is one that may be legally sold or otherwi distributed only pursuant to a health-care provider's prescription. (b) For purpos of liability under Subction (a), a prescription drug or medical device is defective if at the time of sale or other distribution the drug or medical device: (1) contains a manufacturing defect as defined in 2(a); or (2) is not reasonably safe due to defective design as defined in Subction (c); or (3) is not reasonably safe due to inadequate instructions or warnings as defined in Subction (d). (c) A prescription drug or medical device is not reasonably safe due to defective design if the foreeable risks of harm pod by the drug or medical device are sufficiently great in relation to its foreeable therapeutic benefits that reasonable health-care providers, knowing of such foreeable risks and therapeutic benefits, would not prescribe the drug or medical device for any class of patients. (d) A prescription drug or medical device is not reasonably safe due to inadequate instructions or warnings if reasonable instructions or warnings regarding foreeable risks of harm are not provided to: (1) prescribing and other health-care providers who are in a position to reduce the risks of harm in accordance with the instructions or warnings; oridead (2) the patient when the manufacturer knows or has reason to know that health-care providers will not be in a position to reduce the risks of harm in accordance with the instructions or warnings. (e) A retail ller or other distributor of a prescription drug or medical device is subject to liability for harm caud by the drug or device if: (1) at the time of sale or other distribution the drug or medical device contains a manufacturing defect as defined in 2(a); or (2) at or before the time of sale or other distribution of the drug or medical device the retail ller or other distributor fails to exerci reasonable care and such failure caus harm to persons. §7. Liability of Commercial Seller or Distributor for Harm Caud by Defective Food Products One engaged in the business of lling or otherwi distributing food products who lls or distributes a food product that is defective under §2, §3, or §4 is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caud by the defect. Under §2(a), a harm-causing ingredient of the food product constitutes a defect if a reasonable consumer would not expect the food product to contain that ingredient. §8. Liability of Commercial Seller or Distributor of Defective Ud Products One engaged in the business of lling or otherwi distributing ud products who lls or distributes a defective ud product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caud by the defect if the defect: (a) aris from the ller's failure to exerci reasonable care; or (b) is a manufacturing defect under §2(a) or a defect that may be inferred under §3 and the ller's marketing of the product would cau a reasonable person in the position of the buyer to expect the ud product to prent no greater risk of defect than if the product were new; or (c) is a defect under §2 or §3 in a ud product remanufactured by the ller or a predecessor in the commercial chain of distribution of the ud product; or (d) aris from a ud product's noncompliance under §4 with a product safety statute or regulation applicable to the ud product. A ud product is a product that, prior to the time of sale or other distribution referred to in this Section, is commercially sold or otherwi distributed to a buyer not in the commercial chain of distribution and ud for some period of time. Chapter 2- Liability of Commercial Product Sellers Not Bad on Product Defects at Time of Sale §9.Liability of Commercial Product Seller or Distributor for Harm Caud by Misreprentation One engaged in the business of lling or otherwi distributing products who, in connection with the sale of a product, makes a fraudulent, negligent, or innocent misreprentation of material fact concerning the product is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caud by the misreprentation. §10. Liability of Commercial Product Seller or Distributor for Harm Caud by Post-Sale Failure to Warn (a) One engaged in the business of lling or otherwi distributing products is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caud by the ller's failure to provide a warning after the time of sale or distribution of a product if a reasonable person in the ller's position would provide such a warning. (b) A reasonable person in the ller's position would provide a warning after the time of sale if: (1) the ller knows or reasonably should know that the product pos a substantial risk of harm to persons or property; and (2) tho to whom a warning might be provided can be identified and can reasonably be assumed to be unaware of the risk of harm; and (3) a warning can be effectively communicated to and acted on by tho to whom a warning might be provided; and (4) the risk of harm is sufficiently great to justify the burden of providing a warning. §11.Liability of Commercial Product Seller or Distributor for Harm Caud by Post-Sale Failure to Recall Product One engaged in the business of lling or otherwi distributing products is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caud by the ller's failure to recall a product after the time of sale or distribution if: (a)(1) a governmental directive issued pursuant to a statute or administrative regulation specifically requires the ller or distributor to recall the product; or (2) the ller or distributor, in the abnce of a recall requirement under Subction (a)(1), undertakes to recall the product; and (b) the ller or distributor fails to act as a reasonable person in recalling the product. Chapter 3- Liability of Successors and Apparent Manufacturers §12.Liability of Successor for Harm Caud by Defective Products Sold Commercially by Predecessor A successor corporation or other business entity that acquires asts of a predecessor corporation or other business entity is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caud by a defective product sold or otherwi distributed commercially by the predecessor if the acquisition: (a) is accompanied by an agreement for the successor to assume such liability; or (b) results from a fraudulent conveyance to escape liability for the debts or liabilities of the predecessor; or (c) constitutes a consolidation or merger with the predecessor; or (d) results in the successor becoming a continuation of the predecessor. §13. Liability of Successor for Harm Caud by Successor's Own Post-Sale Failure to Warn (a) A successor corporation or other business entity that acquires asts of a predecessor corporation or other business entity, whether or not liable under the rule stated in §12, is subject to liability for harm to persons or property caud by the successor's failure to warn of a risk created by a product sold or distributed by the predecessor if: parkinglot(1) the successor undertakes or agrees to provide rvices for maintenance or repair of the product or enters into a similar relationship with purchars of the predecessor's products giving ri to actual or potential economic advantage to the successor, and (2) a reasonable person in the position of the successor would provide a warning. (b) A reasonable person in the position of the successor would provide a warning if: (1) the successor knows or reasonably should know that the product pos a substantial risk of harm to persons or property; and (2) tho to whom a warning might be provided can be identified and can reasonably be assumed to be unaware of the risk of harm; and (3) a warning can be effectively communicated to and acted on by tho to whom a warning might be provided; and (4) the risk of harm is sufficiently great to justify the burden of providing a warning. §14. Selling or Distributing as One's Own a Product Manufactured by Another One engaged in the business of lling or otherwi distributing products who lls or distributes as its own a product manufactured by another is subject to the same liability as though the ller or distributor were the product's manufacturer. Chapter 4- Provisions of General Applicability Topic 1- Causation §15.General Rule Governing Causal Connection Between Product Defect and Harm Whether a product defect caud harm to persons or property is determined by the prevailing rules and principles governing causation in tort. §16. Incread Harm Due to Product Defect (a) When a product is defective at the time of commercial sale or other distribution and the defect is a substantial factor in increasing the plaintiff's harm beyond that which would have resulted from other caus, the product ller is subject to liability for the incread harm. (b) If proof supports a determination of the harm that would have resulted from other caus in the abnce of the product defect, the product ller's liability is limited to the incread harm attributable solely to the product defect. (c) If proof does not support a determination under Subction (b) of the harm that would have resulted in the abnce of the product defect, the product ller is liable for all of the plaintiff's harm attributable to the defect and other caus. (d) A ller of a defective product that is held liable for part of the harm suffered by the plaintiff under Subction (b), or all of the harm suffered by the plaintiff under Subction (c), is jointly and verally liable or verally liable with other parties who bear legal responsibility for causing the harm, determined by applicable rules of joint and veral liability. Topic 2- Affirmative Defens §17. Apportionment of Responsibility Between or Among Plaintiff, Sellers and Distributors of Defective Products, and Others (a) A plaintiff's recovery of damages for harm caud by a product defect may be reduced if the conduct of the plaintiff combines with the product defect to cau the harm and the plaintiff's conduct fails to conform to generally applicable rules establishing appropriate standards of care. (b) The manner and extent of the reduction under Subction (a) and the apportionment of plaintiff's recovery among multiple defendants are governed by generally applicable rules apportioning responsibility. §18. Disclaimers, Limitations, Waivers, and Other Contractual Exculpations as Defens to Products Liability Claims for Harm to Persons Disclaimers and limitations of remedies by product llers or other distributors, waivers by product purchars, and other similar contractual exculpations, oral or written, do not bar or reduce otherwi valid products liability claims against llers or other distributors of new products for harm to persons. Topic 3- Definitions §19. Definition of "Product" For purpos of this Restatement: (a) A product is tangible personal property distributed commercially for u or consumption. Other items, such as real property and electricity, are products when the context of their distribution and u is sufficiently analogous to the distribution and u of tangible personal property that it is appropriate to apply the rules stated in this Restatement. (b) Services, even when provided commercially, are not products. (c) Human blood and human tissue, even when provided commercially, are not subject to the rules of this Restatement. §20. Definition of "One Who Sells or Otherwi Distributes" japne x x69For purpos of this Restatement: (a) One lls a product when, in a commercial context, one transfers ownership thereto either for u or consumption or for resale leading to ultimate u or consumption. Commercial product llers include, but are not limited to, manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers. (b) One otherwi distributes a product when, in a commercial transaction other than a sale, one provides the product to another either for u or consumption or as a preliminary step leading to ultimate u or consumption. Commercial nonsale product distributors include, but are not limited to, lessors, bailors, and tho who provide products to others as a means of promoting either the u or consumption of such products or some other commercial activity. (c) One also lls or otherwi distributes a product when, in a commercial transaction, one provides a combination of products and rvices and either the transaction taken as a whole, or the product component thereof, satisfies the criteria in Subction (a) or (b). §21. Definition of "Harm to Persons or Property": Recovery for Economic Loss For purpos of this Restatement, harm to persons or property includes economic loss if caud by harm to: (a) the plaintiff's person; or (b) the person of another when harm to the other interferes with an interest of the plaintiff protected by tort law; or (c) the plaintiff's property other than the defective product itlf. | 第1章 销售商对产品销售时既存的缺陷应承担的责任 第1节 适用于各类产品的通用规则 第1条 销售等流通商对缺陷产品所致损害的责任 出售或以其它方式流通产品的商家，其出售或者经手的产品存有缺陷的，应对由此造成的人身或者财产损害承担责任｡ 第2条 产品缺陷的分类 产品存有缺陷，是指在出售或者发生流转时，产品存在制造或设计缺陷，或者使用说明或危险警示不够充分｡产品存在： （a）制造缺陷，是指产品背离其目标设计，即便在产品的准备和上市过程中克尽职责也在所不论； （b）设计缺陷，是指产品的致害风险在可预见范围且本可通过合理的替代设计得以减少或者避免，然而因销售商、其他流通商，或其商业流通环节的前手疏于采纳替代设计，致使产品缺乏合理的安全性； （c）警示缺陷，是指产品的致害风险在可预见范围且本可通过充分的使用说明或危险警示得以减少或者避免，然而因销售商、其他流通商，或其商业流通环节的前手疏于提供合理的说明或警示，致使产品缺乏合理的安全性｡ 第3条 推定产品缺陷存在的间接证据 即使缺乏某缺陷的证据，于下列条件满足时，也可以推定原告所遭损害源自产品在销售或流通时既存的产品缺陷： （a）该类伤害事件通常是由产品缺陷引起的；并且 （b）就特定个案而言，并非单纯的由产品销售或流通时既存缺陷以外的原因所致｡ 第4条 符合或不符合产品安全法律或规范 针对设计缺陷、警示缺陷所致产品责任， （a）如果适用的产品安全法律或规范旨在减小某些风险，那么在违反这些法律或规范并引发该等风险时，即可认定产品存在缺陷； 相反， （b）即使产品符合适用的产品安全法律或规范，于法律或规范旨在减小的风险而言，虽可以在认定产品缺陷时予以适当考虑，但这并不必然排除对产品缺陷作出法律上的认定｡ 第2节 适用于特定产品或市场的责任规则 第1条 零部件销售等流通商对集成产品所致损害的责任 销售或以其它方式流通产品零部件的商家，应对集成该零部件的产品所致的人身或财产损害承担责任，如果： （a）该零部件本身存在如本章所定义的缺陷，且由该缺陷导致了损害；或者， （b）(1)销售或其他流通商实质性地参与了应用该零部件的产品集成设计；并且， (2)该零部件的集成造成产品如本章所定义的缺陷；并且， (3)产品的该项缺陷造成了损害｡ 第2条 销售等流通商对存缺陷的处方药或医疗设备所致损害的责任 （a）销售或以其它方式流通有缺陷的处方药或处方医疗设备的制造商，应对该缺陷造成的人身伤害承担责任｡所谓处方药或处方医疗设备，是指必须凭医疗服务人员的处方才能合法地出售或者以其它方式流通的药品或设备｡ （b）为第a款所定责任的目的，如果在销售或以其它方式流通时具有下列情形之一的，则认定处方药或医疗设备存在缺陷： (1)存在如第2条第a款所定义的制造缺陷；或 (2)因存在如本条第c款所定义的设计缺陷而缺乏合理的安全性；或 (3)因存在如本条第d款所定义的说明或警示不充分而缺乏合理的安全性｡ （c）所谓因存在设计缺陷而缺乏合理的安全性，是指相较于其所可预见的治疗效果，某一药品或医疗设备所能预见的伴生风险之巨足以使理智的医疗服务人员，在了解这些风险和治疗效果的情况下，拒绝给任何一类患者开具该药品或医疗设备的处方。 (d) 所谓因说明或警示不充分而缺乏合理的安全性，是指未能向以下对象针对可预见的风险提供合理的说明或者警示： (1) 本可依说明或警示降低损害风险的开具处方或者其它环节的医疗服务人员；或 (2)病人，若制造商知道或理应知道借助医疗服务人员无法降低损害风险｡ (e)零售或其它方式流通处方药或医疗设备的商家应对该药品或设备所致损害承担责任，如果： (1)该药品或设备在销售或流通时存在第2条第a款所定义的制造缺陷；或 (2)该药品或设备在销售或流通时或之前，零售商或其他流通商未尽合理注意，并因此导致了人身伤害｡ 第3条 销售等流通商对存缺陷的食品所致损害的责任 销售或以其它方式流通食品，存有如第2､3､4条定义的缺陷的，商家应对由此造成的人身或财产损害承担责任｡如果食品中含有普通消费者不能预见的有害成分，则该有害成分构成第2条第a款的制造缺陷｡ 第4条 销售等流通商对存缺陷的旧货所致损害的责任 销售或以其它方式流通旧货，存有缺陷的，商家应对由此造成的人身或财产损害承担责任，如果： （a）缺陷源于销售商未尽合理注意义务；或者， （b）缺陷属第2条第a款所指制造缺陷，或第3条所指的推定缺陷，并且销售商对产品的市场营销使得处于购买者境地的普通人以为该旧货不会比同等全新产品具有更大的风险；或者， （c）经过销售商或其商业流通链上的前手再制造的旧货存有第2条和第3条规定的缺陷；或者， （d）旧货不符合第4条所指的可适用的旧货安全法律或规范｡ 所谓旧货，是指在本条所指的销售或者流通发生之前，产品已经经由商业渠道出售或以其它方式流通至商业链以外的购买者，并使用过一段时间｡ 第2章 销售商非因产品缺陷承担的责任 第1条 销售等流通商对虚假陈述所致损害的责任 销售或以其它方式流通产品的商家，在产品的销售过程中，如就产品有关的重要事实欺诈性地､过失地或者无意识地作出了虚假陈述，则应对由此导致的人身或财产损害承担责任｡ 第2条 销售等流通商对因售后失于警示所致损害的责任 （a）销售或以其它方式流通产品的商家，如果未能在出售或者经手之后发出警示，应对由此产生的人身或财产损害承担责任，前提是一个身处销售商境地的理性人会发出警示。 （b）一个身处销售商境地的理性人会发出警示，是指： (1) 销售商知道或理应知道产品存在伤害人身或损坏财产的重大风险；并且， (2) 能够确定待警示的人，并且可以合理的认为损害的风险尚未得到察觉；并且， (3) 警示能够有效地传达至待警示并据以采取行动的人；并且， (4)损害风险之大，值得负担警示所产生的耗费｡ 第3条 销售等流通商对因售后未能召回产品所致损害的责任 满足下列条件时，销售或者以其它方式流通产品的商家，对其未召回产品所致人身或财产损害应承担责任： （a）(1)政府依据法律或行政法规发布指令，明确要求销售或其他流通商召回产品｡或者， (2)在没有第a款第1项召回要求的情况下，销售或其他流通商自愿实施产品召回；并且 （b）销售或其他流通商在产品召回过程中未能合理行事｡ 第3章 休息日后手及表观制造商的责任 第1条 existing后手对商业前手销售的缺陷产品所致损害的责任 在以下情况之一下，从前手公司或其它商业实体取得资产的后手公司或其它商业实体应对经商业前手销售或以其它方式流通的缺陷产品所造成的人身或财产损害承担责任： （a）相伴有后手继受相关责任的协议；或者， （b）是为逃避前手债务或责任而实施的欺诈性财产转让；或者， （c）构成与前手的联营或合并；或者， （d）使得后手成为前手的延续｡ 第2条 后手对自己售后失于警示所致损害的责任 （a）满足以下条件时，不论根据第12条是否有责，从前手公司或其它商业实体取得资产的后手公司或商业实体，对前手销售或流通的产品未能警示风险的，应对由此造成的人身或财产损害承担责任： （1）该后手实际或同意提供产品的维护或修理服务，或者与产品的购买者形成类似的关系并由此获得实际或潜在经济利益，并且， （2）一个身处后手境地的理性人会发出警示｡ （b）一个身处后手境地的理性人会发出警示，是指： （1）该后手知道或理应知道产品存在伤害人身或损坏财产的重大风险；并且， （2）能够确定待警示的人，并且可以合理的认为损害的风险尚未得到察觉；并且， （3）警示能够有效地传达至待警示并据以采取行动的人；并且， （4）损害风险之大，值得负担警示所产生的耗费｡ 第3条 将他人产品以自己制造的名义进行销售或流通specified 销售或者以其它方式流通产品的商家，如将他人产品以自己制造的名义销售或流通，应承担同制造商的责任｡ 第4章 通用条款 第1节 因果关系 第1条 确认产品缺陷与损害结果之间因果联系的一般规则 人身或财产损害是否由产品缺陷导致应根据侵权法上关于因果关系的主流规则和原理来确定｡ 第2条 因产品缺陷而扩大的损害 （a）当产品在以商业销售或以其它方式流通之时存有缺陷，并因该缺陷在其它原因之外扩大了原告的损害，产品的销售商应对扩大的损害承担责任｡ （b）如有证据能够确定，即使产品缺陷不存在，也会因为其它原因造成损害，那么产品销售商仅对单纯由产品缺陷扩大的损害承担责任｡ （c）如果证据不能支持认定第b款规定的情形，那么产品销售商应对产品缺陷和其它原因造成的原告的全部损害承担责任｡ （d）对于根据b款或c款被认定应对原告之损害负部分或全部责任的缺陷产品的销售商，以及其它对损害应负法律责任的当事人，可根据适用的连带责任规则确定连带或按份责任。 第2节 积极抗辩主张 第1条 在缺陷产品的销售等流通商、原告或其他人之间分摊责任 （a）如果原告的行为不符合普遍规则所确立的适当注意义务标准，并且其行为与产品缺陷相结合导致了损害，则原告因缺陷产品致损所可得赔偿金可以适当减少｡ （b）根据第a款减少赔偿金的方式与程度，以及如何在多名被告之间分摊对原告可得赔偿金，应根据通行的责任分担规则决定｡ 第2条 以免责声明、责任限制、弃权或其它免责约定作为对人身损害的抗辩理由 产品销售或其他流通商所作的免责声明和责任限制，产品购买者所作的弃权，以及其它类似的免责约定，无论口头或书面，都不阻却或减损本可就全新产品所致人身损害对销售或其他流通商正当发起的产品责任索赔主张｡ 第3节 定义 第1条 “产品”的定义 为本《重述》的目的： （a）“产品”是指以商业方式流通，供给使用或消费的有形动产｡其它商品，如不动产和电力，当其流通和使用的情境足以比拟有形动产，适宜适用本《重述》规则时，也属产品｡ （b）服务不属产品，即使以商业方式供给｡ （c）人类血液及人体组织不受本《重述》规则支配，即使以商业方式供给｡ 第2条 “销售或以其它方式流通”的定义 为本《重述》的目的： （a）“销售”是指，以商业为语境，向他人转让所有权，或是为了使用或消费，或是以使用或消费为最终指向的转售｡产品的销售商包括但不限于制造商､批发商及零售商｡ （b）“以其它方式流通”是指，在商业交易中，以销售之外的形式向他人供应产品，用于使用或消费，或以此为终极指向的先导过程｡产品非销售性质的商业流通包括但不限于出租､寄托，以及为促进产品的使用､消费或其它商业目的而向他人供应产品的活动｡ （c）当一项商业交易兼有产品和服务时，如果以该交易整体，或单就产品而言，符合前述a款或b款的规定，则该项交易也属“销售或以其它方式流通”｡ 第3条 “人身或财产损害”的定义：可获得的对经济损失的赔偿 为本《重述》的目的，人身或财产损害涵盖对如下对象造成的经济损失： （a）原告的身体；或者， （b）他人的身体，如对他人的伤害妨碍了原告受侵权法保护的利益；或者， dialogbox（c）缺陷产品本身之外的原告财产｡ |
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