平静的英文
汉语“连”字句翻译探析
张帆英语2047 学号:200680567
摘要:“连”字句是汉语中比较常见的句式结构,从古到今的历时发展中,“连”字的性质和功能颇有争论,而且产生了很多衍生意义。本文从语意和句式结构的角度,从本身词汇意义,复杂句中,和翻译省略三个方面分析了这个句型的不同的翻译方法,归纳出了这种句式的基本翻译方法。
关键词:“连”;句式;翻译
“连”字句是汉语句法结构之一,已有大量文献从不同的角度得出了很多宝贵的结论。本文将从“连”字句的意义衍生,“连”字句的语法意义和“连”字句的句式结构的角度分析“连”字句的翻译方法。
1“连”字的研究与衍生过程
1.1“连”字句性质与功能
“连”字是“连”字句标志之一,它的性质的确定颇有争议。关于“连”字的性质,80年代早期的权威观点是把它看成介词,赵元任《中国话的文法》,吕叔湘主编的《现代汉语八百词》和朱德熙《语法讲义》都持这种观点。80年代晚期以来人们越来越倾向于否定介词说,但究竟是什么性质的词,又有多种不同的观
点。廖斯吉(1987)主张连词,沈开木(1988)主张语气词,周小兵(1990)主张副词,最近的观点是张伯江,方梅(1996)提出的,他们认为是“焦点标记”。
关于“连”字的功能争议也很大。开始认为是强调说,突出行为动作的主体或对象。后来陆续又有隐含说,表示隐含比较,表达某种言外之意;递进/递降说,既可以表示递进关系,又能表示一种由浅到深,逐步降级的关系;标举极端事例说,“连”字后面的成分所标举的事物带有一种极端性;连接说,连接单句内部的两个成分;多重语言信息说,表达了四重语言信息。
1.2“连”字的衍生
无论是口语还是书面语,“连”字出现的频率都很高。那么“连”字的原始意义是什么?“连”是古代一种人拉的车,以单人拉。这种车与拉车的人之间必须形成一种“相属不绝”的关系,否则车不能前行,可以确定这是“连”字的原始意义。
“连”字的原始意义是古代一种人拉的车。在此基础上,“连”字在交际使用过程中产生了很多的衍生实义,这些衍生实义逐渐成为“连”字在交际使用中的主流,具体表示如古代的一种行政单位,嫡亲关系,军队的一种编制单位,连接,联合,联络,牵连,畜牲交配,属于,兼得。
历时发展中,显性关系范畴进一步发生转化,使“连”字的意义由实转虚。“连”字句的虚化意义包括以下三种:包括在内,从,语法标记,与“都/也”等呼应,形成“连”字句的固定格式。
2“连”字句的翻译。
2.1 “连”字词汇意义的翻译。
在这种“连”字句中,“连”字至今仍依稀可见其自身词汇意义的影子。
2.1.1 “连带” “复/叠加”义.
如: 后面的车轮转得已经看不出条来,皮轮仿佛已经离开了地,连人带车都被阵急风吹起来了似的.
The wheels of the rickshaw were turning so fast, the spokes were invisible
and the types emed to have left the ground, as if both rickshaw and puller were borne aloft by a strong wind.(骆驼祥子,148页)
还没拉到便到上,祥子和光头的矮子连车带人都被十来个兵捉了去!
But before they had branched off the main road, both pullers, their rickshaws and pasngers all fell into the hands of about a dozen soldiers.(骆驼祥子,36页)
坐不到几天,便连人和书籍纸张笔砚,一齐失踪。
So after a few days he would disappear, taking with him books, paper, brushes and inkstand.(鲁讯小说选,40页)
此处的“连”有“连带”的意思,表示二件事物同时作用,在前两例中,译者将其直接译为“and”表达此意,第三例中,同样的意思,这里译成了介词短语“taking with”。这里都是可取的。
2.1.2表示包含,包括在内
如:要是雇个人,连吃带挣的月间不也得花个十块八块的吗?
As hiring a rvant to do the washing, mending and other chores would anyway have cost him nearly ten dollars a month, including food. (骆驼祥子,384页)
这里的“连”有“包含在内”的意思,此意思与英文中的“including”对等,所以译成了“including”。
2.2 衍生意义的翻译
怎么和女孩子聊天
如:这年头就是邪年头,正经东西全得连根儿烂!
But the are evil times, and everything good is rotting away at the roots! (茶馆,162页)
表示“从”的意思,一般不多见。此处并没有直接译出“从”的含义,而是用介词“at”表明了烂根的起始点。
双喜说,那就是有名的铁头先生,能连翻八十四个筋斗,他日里亲自数过的。
ShuangXi told us this was a famous acrobat who could turn eighty-four somersaults one after the other, he had counted for himlf earlier in the day.
这个例子中,“连”字表示接连不断,一个接一个的意思,在英文中译者翻译为“one after the other”
2.3语法标记
在“连”字句中,与“都/也/还”等呼应,形成“连”字句的固定格式。
2.3.1 “连”字句表强调,强调“连”后面的部分,有“甚至”的意思,一般译为英语中的“even”.
2.3.1.1 “连”后的成分主要是名词性的。
如:笑道:“怕什么?这还亏你天天吃酒呢,难道连我也不如!我回来还说呢。
“What are you afraid of?” She tead. “Don’t you drink every day? Aren’t you even up to me? I’m goi
ng to join in. (红楼梦,784页)
一想到过去的苦处,连自己的丈夫都那样的无情无理,她就咬上了牙。
Recalling the past, when even her husband had been so heartless and unreasonable, she would grind her teeth. (骆驼祥子,164页)
2.3.1.2 “连”后面为动词性成分。
nannu如:被人养惯的小麻雀,连挣扎都不会,尾与爪在猫嘴旁搭拉着。
The tame sparrow, with its tail and claws dangling from the kitten’s mouth,
did not even know how to struggle. (小麻雀)
自己的先生被杀了,连打一个电报还害怕.
His teacher had been murdered, yet he did not even dare nd a telegram.(朝花夕拾,200页)
2.3.1.3“连”后面为主谓短语。
如:他只感到她撒的是绝户网,连个寸大的小鱼也逃不出去。
He felt she had cast a lethal net which not even a tiny inch-long fish could ship through.(骆驼祥子,200页)
别人不知道我的心还可恕,连他也奚落起我来。
I could forgive others for not understanding me, but now even she is making fun of me.(红楼梦,824页)
2.3.2 在“连......都/也......”的句式结构中,连字后面的部分表示包括,连带的含义。
2.3.2.1翻译为“and”
如:难得老太太和姑奶奶并那些小姐们,连各房里的姑娘们,都这样怜贫惜老的照看我。
The old lady and you madam, as well as the young ladies and the girls in the different apartments, have all been kindness itlf to a poor old woman. (红楼梦,1172页)
还有两个丫头,一共再连上各房的老嬷嬷,奶娘并跟出门的家人媳妇子。
In addition there were tow other maids and some old nurs from different apartments, as wel l as some stewards’ wives. (红楼梦,806页)
2.3.2.2在句尾翻译为“as well”
如:黛玉忙拉他,笑道:“我且问你,还是单画这园子呢,还是连我们众人都画上呢?
Daiyu caught hold of her arm. “Tell me, are you just painting the Garden or us as well?” She asked. (红楼梦,1190页)
2.3.2.3在句尾翻译成“too”
如:所以不单我得靠,连你小婶和你媳妇也都省心。
It’s not just that I rely on her; she saves them trouble, too.(红楼梦,1322页)
2.3.2.4翻译为“including”, 并将包括的物体一并放在句尾译出。
如:混闹胡说的,只连你们的东西都搅糊涂了。
But if he’d been stupid he couldn’t have remembered the names and would have mixed everything up, including your rings. (红楼梦,874页)
2.3.3在“......,连......都/也......”的句式结构中,如果“连”字前后的内容是因果关系,“连”字前面的内容引
起了“连”字后面内容的产生,可用英文中“so......”句型翻译。
age of innocence如:这么大的人,拉上那么美的车,他自己的车,弓子软得颤悠颤悠得,连车把都微微得动弹。
With his brown and his beautiful rickshaw-spring so flexible that the shafts emed to vibrate.(骆驼祥子,26页)
谁知就有一个不知死的冤案,混号儿世人叫他作“石呆子”,穷的连饭也没的吃。
A wretched crank they call the Stone Idiot had twenty old fans as it happened, but though so poor that he’d hardly a bite to eat.(红楼梦,1360页)
student是什么意思
2.3.4在“不但......,连......”复杂的句型结构中,递进的意味很浓。翻译时常用“, ”的句型,有时有稍微的改变。
2.3.4.1译为“,”
如:不但将亲戚朋友一概杜绝了,而且连家庭中晨昏定省益发都随他的便了。
He not only stopped eing most relatives and friends but even grew lax about asking after the health of his rious each morning and evening.(红楼梦,982页)
不但增加了许多脱漏的地方,连文法的错误,也都一一订正。
Not only had he added a great deal I had misd, he had even corrected every single grammatical mistake. (朝花夕拾,182页)
2.3.4.2译为“, oo”
如:园中人都打听得尤氏办得十分热闹,不但有戏,连耍百戏的并说书的男女瞎儿全有。
All the inmates of the Garden knew that madam you had arranged for a grand party with not only operas but aerobatics and blind story-tellers too, both men and women.(红楼梦,1216页)
刘姥姥一一的领会,又向贾母道:“谁知城里不但人尊贵,连雀儿也是尊贵的。”
After digesting all this information the old women remarked, “Fa ncy, in town it’s not only the people who have class, the birds are high-class, too. (红楼梦,1154页)
2.3.5 “连”字句中,“连”字翻译的省略。
without you中文歌词有时在“连”字句中,“连”字并没有明显的译出,而是意思通过否定句式蕴含其中,或在问句中变为其它的句式,或是直接省略没有译出。
2.3.5.1翻译时意思蕴含于否定结构中。
如:凤姐连正眼也不看,仍往前走着,只问他母亲好。
Xifeng hardly glanced at him, however, merely asking as she walked on how his mother was and why she never called. (红楼梦,662页)
那对还肯定负责的铜钮也被揪下来,掷在黑暗中,连各响声也没发。
The last two brass buttons still doing their duty were torn off and tosd into the darkness where they fell without a tinkle. (骆驼祥子,46页)
2.3.5.2在问句中没有译出
如:连这句话难道也不明白?我倒告诉你个巧宗儿。
Can’t you understand that proverb? I’ll tell you something amusing to do. (红楼梦,846页)
连那些衣服我还没穿遍了,又做什么?
richic>bruidI haven’t yet worn all the clothes I have, why made new ones? (红楼梦,960页)
2.3.5.3省略没有译出
美国城市名字如:连老爷在家出外去的一应大小事,他都知道。
She keeps an eye on everything down to the least details of our father’s affairs at home and outside.(红楼梦,1080页)
一行听了这话说到自己心坎儿上来,可见宝玉连袭人不如。
This touched Daiyu’s heart, yet it only made her more wretched to think that Baoyu had less consideration for her than Xiren. (红楼梦,828页)
3小结
“连”的研究中争论很大,在词的性质和功能上,每个专家都有自己独特的见解和看法,看问题的角度不一样,得出的宝贵的见解必然不一样。在历史的进程中,“连”字的词义也在不断扩展和衍生,这就产生了很多词汇意义,这也是要在翻译中加以注意的。
归纳起来,“连”字句的翻译分为(1)本身的词汇意义。(2)在“连......都/也/还......”句式中的翻译。(3)“连”字翻译的省略。其中,各个分支里面又有不同的分类和不同的翻译方法,翻译时应仔细斟酌,视情况而定。
“连”字句是比较特殊的句式,在翻译时要清楚句子的结构,理解“连”在句中真正表达的意义,还要根据上下意义语境,准确的转化为英文翻译,达到信,达,雅的翻译标准。
参考文献
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拙荆Abstract: the ntence “lian” is the important ntence structure in Chine. Since ancient time in the development of history, it was debated about its nature and function and had produced a lot of related meanings. This article will analyze the various methods of translation of this ntence structure, from the angle of meaning and ntence structure and in three aspects of lexical meaning, complex ntence and ellipsis. At last, it will conclude the basic methods of translation of this kind of ntence.
Key word: “lian”; ntence structure; translation