SAT语法之“改写句子题(Improving Sentences)”
Criterion of effective English ntences:
grammatically correct
clear and preci (as oppod to vague and ambiguous)
conci and idiomatic (as oppod to wordy and awkward)
常见考点汇总
一、语法错误类
1.粘连句(run-on ntences)
两个单句合并为一个并列复合句(compound ntence)的方式有：①“逗号+连词”连接，如and/but/yet/so/for等，表示并列或顺承、转折、结果、原因等关系；②“分号”连接，表示并列关系，且两个分句相对独立，相比“, and”连接的分句关系要松散一些；③“冒号”连接，表示后一个分句是对前一个分句的解释说明。
若两个单句以although, if, becau, so that, in order that, when, where, who, who, which/that等关系连词或关系代词连接，则构成相应的主从复合句(complex ntence)。
若两个SVO/SCP单句间没有标点，或仅以逗号连接，则构成粘连句。
例1：By the time she was twenty-one, Jane Austen had begun writing a novel which she initially titled First Impressions and which she later called Pride and Prejudice, this is a book that many fans consider her best work.
(A) this is a book that many fans consider her best work
(B) since many fans consider this her best work
(C) the best work that many fans considered it to be
(D) a book that many fans consider her best work
(E) it is considered by many fans as her best worktigi
【特别注意】：副词不能连接两个句子。常考的易错副词有：conquently, therefore, however, thus,
hence, then, even等。以逗号连接两个单句时，若后一个分句以这些词开头，则须在它们前面加上一个连词，或将连接逗号改为分号。此外，使用conquently, therefore, however等词时，其后通常跟一个逗号。
【QUIZ】：判断以下句式是否正确。
2018雅思考试时间
( ) SVO, thus SVO.
( ) SVO, however SVO.
( ) SVO, but SVO.
( ) SVO, although SVO.
( ) SVO; therefore, SVO.
( ) SVO; but SVO.
( ) SVO; although SVO.
例2：Many students work after school and on weekends, conquently they do not have much
time for doing their homework.
(A) weekends, conquently they do not have
(B)weekends, they do not have
(C) weekends, as a conquence they do not have
(D) weekends, therefore they do not have
(E) weekends; conquently, they do not have
罪恶之城 人人影视例3：Even the play’s most minor characters work together with extraordi nary skill, their interplay creates a moving theatrical experience.
(A) their interplay creates a moving theatrical experience
(B) a moving theatrical experience is created by their interplay
(C) and their interplay creates a moving theatrical experience
(D) and a moving theatrical experience being the creation of their interplay
(E) with their interplay they create a moving theatrical experience
【补充例句】
只用作连词: although, so(因此), for(因为)
✧Although in poor health, she continued to carry out her duties. [conj.; =though]
✧We decided to take rooms in Longwood Hou, although we knew we could not really afford
the rent. [conj.; =though]强壮英语
✧No, this is my responsibility, although I appreciate your offer. [conj.; =but]
✧I was feeling hungry, so I made mylf a sandwich. [conj. 因此]
际高✧He found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to fail. [conj. 因为] 既可作连词又作副词: yet, however
✧Kelly was a convicted criminal, yet many people admired him. [conj.]
✧She does not speak our language and yet she ems to understand what we say. [conj.]
✧'How are you going to get there?' 'I don't know yet.' [adv.]
✧Cotton production was on the increa. However, it was still a small industry compared with
canvas production. [adv.; = nevertheless, 然而]
✧We have to finish, however long it takes. [adv.; = no matter how 无论怎么]
✧If we win the match we'll be delighted, however it happens. [conj.; = in whatever way以任何
方式]
✧However you look at it, it was a wicked thing to do. [conj.; = in whatever way以任何方式] 只用作副词: conquently, therefore, thus, hence, then, even
✧Most computer urs have never received any formal keyboard training. Conquently, their
keyboard skills are inefficient. [adv.; =as a result]
✧The molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream and conquently affect the organs. [adv.;
kevin hart
=as a result]公共英语四级
✧Their car was bigger and therefore more comfortable. [adv. as a result of something that has
just been mentioned]
✧Progress so far has been very good. We are, therefore, confident that the work will be
completed on time.
✧Most of the evidence was destroyed in the fire. Thus it would be almost impossible to prove
him guilty. [adv. as a result of something that you have just mentioned]
✧They diluted the drug, thus reducing its effectiveness. [adv. in this manner or way]
✧The cost of transport is a major expen for an industry. Hence factory location is an
important consideration. [adv.; = for this reason]
✧Mix the flour and butter, then add the eggs. [adv. 然后]
✧We have to invite your parents and my parents, and then there's your brother. [adv. 还有]
✧It was quite difficult to e, even with the light on. [adv. 即便]
✧He became quite successful and even appeared on a television show once. [adv. 甚至]
2.残缺句(ntence fragments)
残缺句，即：结构不完整句或句子片段，常见的错误是缺少谓语，偶尔也会出现缺主语的情况。典型的错误形式为：主语+ 插入语+ 从句或分词结构。如下：S, ... ,
S, ... ,
S, ... , which / that ...
S, ... , and +V +O
解答此类题目的技巧是：首先，跳读插入语，发现缺少谓语的错误；其次，排除与原句结构类似的选项，如例1-D。
例1：The author, taking the reader on a chronological journey through her native land, skillfully combining history and legend with fragments of fiction.（P863.7）[52-7]
(A)The author, taking the reader on a chronological journey through her native land, skillfully
(B)The reader is taken on a chronological journey through the author’s native land by skillfully
(C)The reader is taken on a chronological journey through the author’s native land by the author
who is skillfully
(D)The author, who takes the reader on a chronological journey through her native land, skillfully
(E)The author takes the reader on a chronological journey through her native land, skillfully
例2：The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, who origins are hotly debated.（P863.10）[52-10]
(A) The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, who origins are hotly debated.
数学一对一家教(B) The Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, its origins are hotly debated.
(C) Possibly one of Europe’s oldest languages, the origins of Basque are hotly debated.
(D) The origins of the Basque language, possibly one of Europe’s oldest, are hotly debated.
(E) Basque is hotly debated as a language who origins are possibly Europe’s oldest.
其他常见的残缺句还有：单句+分号+残缺句、句首同位语+S+ doing /with/that….等。[53-14-D] High school graduates usually do not end up earning as much income as college graduates do; this fact explaining the reason for why so many high school students go on to pursue college degrees.
[97-10] The first African American to win the Pulitzer Prize for poetry, Gwendolyn Brooks with her special interest in encouraging young poets.
3.双主语句(double subjects)
在双主语句中，除了完整的SVO结构外，S前又多出一个主语，即：SSVO。这种形式很容易辨认，所以较少出现。更为隐蔽的错误形式为：n. + 插入语+ 单句[S, ... , S +V+O] 或者在从句中出现“大S，小S+V+O”的错误。
例1：Most experts believe that young children’s not being given physical affection, this interferes with their normal development. [126-5]
(A)young children’s not being given physical affection, this interferes
(B)for young children who have had physical affection withheld from them, it interferes
(C)the failure at giving young children physical affection would interfere
(D)when withholding physical affection from young children, it interferes
(E)the withholding of physical affection from young children interferes
例2：The first 10,000 United States patents, they were known as the X-patents, were burnt in a fire in 1836. [116-1]
(A)they were known
(B)which they knew
(C)which they know (D)to be known
(E)known
4.悬垂修饰语(dangling modifiers)
[略，参见讲义“SAT语法考点列表”]
5.固定用法(idioms)
(1)so [adj./adv.] that SVO 如此……以至于……
例1：The new regulations have so complicated the process of formulating a school budget to where no one on the Board of Education is eager to undertake the task.（P430.6）
(A) budget to where
(B) budget, therefore
(C) budget, even (D) budget as
(E) budget that
(2) just as [SVO] so [S’VO]: ud to compare two people or things, when they are similar
正如A……，B也……。如：Just as the French love their wine, so the English love their beer. 例2：Just as Ireland has produced many famous writers and the Netherlands an abundance of famous painters, so Finland has provided a large number of famous architects. （P775.10）[37-10]
(A) so Finland has provided a large number of famous architects
(B) Finland provides famous architects, and by large numbers
(C) Finland’s contribution is to provided famous architects in a large number
(D) and so then, for Finland, a large number of famous architects is provided
(E) and like them Finland has provided a large number of famous architects
(3) had hardly…when = no sooner…than 一……就……
例3：No sooner had Andrea del Sarto traveled to France to work for the French king but his wife persuaded him to return to Italy.（P676.4）[25-4]
(A) but his wife persuaded him to return
(B) but his wife had him persuaded into returning
(C) than he was persuaded by his wife that he will return
(D) but he was persuaded by his wife into returning
(E) than his wife persuaded him to return
(4) S+V(not)+O… any more than [S’VO] 前者不比后者更……
2013年高考试题例4：Chaplin will not be remembered for espousing radical caus any more than they will remember Wayne for endorsing conrvative political candidates.（P677.6）[26-6]
(A) any more than they will remember Wayne
(B) as will Wayne not be rememberedtired的意思
(C) any more than Wayne will be remembered
(D) just as they will not remember Wayne
(E) no more than Wayne will be remembered
(5) not so…as… [97-12]
二、模糊歧义类
语义模糊不清或存在歧义的句子，问题常常出现在指代不明的代词上，包括人称代词（it, its, they, their）、指示代词（this, that, the, tho）、关系代词(which, that, who)等。而这类句子通常由两
个分句组成：S+V+O; S+V+O”，而模糊或歧义代词总是出现在后一分句。【特别注意：在S+V+O；it/they+V+O并列句中，it/they只能指代上一句话的主语。】要改正模糊/歧义指代的错误，有以下四种方法：
①改写为“主干+独立结构”（S+V+O，doing/done…）形式，隐去模糊/歧义代词。
如：During the labor dispute, barrels of potatoes were emptied across the highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic.（P599.4）[10-4]
(A) highway, and they thereby blocked it to all traffic
(B) highway and thereby blocking it to all traffic
(C) highway, by which all traffic was therefore blocked
(D) highway, and therefore this had all traffic blocked
(E) highway, thereby blocking all traffic
②改写为“S+V+O; S’+V+O”，明确写明后一个分句的主语（S’）。代替原来的模糊/
歧义代词。
如：By the end of the eighteenth century, watching technology had greatly improved, and they were standard equipment for military personnel. [79-8]
(A)and they were standard equipment for military personnel.
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