陪审团制度The Jury System
无与伦比英文
The Jury System 陪审团
gpaThe Anglo-American jury is a remarkable political institution. It recruits a group of no more than 12 laypersons, chon at random from the widest population; it convenes them for the purpo of the particular trial; it entrusts them with great official powers of decision; it permits them to carry on deliberations in cret and to report our their final judgment without giving reasons for it; and, after their momentary rvice to the state has been completed, it orders them to disband and return to private life.
英美法系的陪审团制度是一个非常著名的政治制度。它由招募来的法律外行者组成，数目不多于12个，这些成员是在最广泛的公民之中随机产生的；在特别的初审案件中将他们召集起来；这些成员是由于被信任而被赋予的判决案件的伟大权力；他们被允许对案件进行秘密评议并提供他们最终的判决结果，而可以不用给予任何理由；最后，他们在履行完对这个国家的短暂的义务之后，这个组织中的成员将被解散，并回归到他们正常的私人生活中。
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The jury system is traceable to nine-century France and was imported to England by William the Conqueror. In its earliest form, a jury was a group of the defendant’s neighbors, who were expected to answer questions bad on their own knowledge. Such jurors functioned as both witness and triers of fact. Later, the right to a jury trial was guaranteed by Bill of Rights and U.S. Constitution and by the parate state constitutions.
陪审团制度可以追溯到九世纪的法国，然后被征服者——威廉姆斯大帝引入英国。在它的雏形时期，陪审团由被告的邻居组成，他们被期望基于他们自己的知识来回答相关提问。这种陪审员的功能相当于证人和事实的审判者。后来，陪审团初审的权利被权利法案，美国联邦宪法和各州宪法所保护下来。
Nowadays, in an y trial at Crown Court where the defendant has pleaded “not guilty” to a charge in the indictment and where the plea has not been accepted by the procution, he or she will be tried in front of a jury. By contrast, an accud in the United States is entitled to a trial by jury whenever the ca is originally brought into federal court and involves an offen for which the punishment may exceed sis months’ imprisonment and in which the defendant is procuted as an adult. The jury system for civil cas has been abolished in Great Britain, and there are pressures to abolish it in the United States.
今天，英国王室法庭的任何一个初审案件，面对起诉书，如果被告辩称无罪，而这个抗辩却不被检方所接受的话，他或者她就将要接受陪审团的审判。比较来看，在美国，任何一个联邦法院初审案件，只要这个违法行为的行为人被判处六个月以上监禁的刑罚而且被告是成年人的话，此人都被给予了陪审团进行初审的权利。在英国，民事案件的陪审制度已经被废除。在美国，民事案件的审判也存在一定的压力要废除陪审制度。
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1. The Role Of The Jury 陪审团角色
The jury’s function during a trial is to decide the facts of the ca. They are laypersons and have no knowledge of law and are competent to put forward any opinion on law. They have to rely upon their common n to asss the accud and the evidence against him in order to reach a verdict. It is the judge’s function, inter alia, to explain the law to the jury and they reach a verdict through their understanding of the law explained by him. The relationship between a judge and a jury is very influential. The judge conducts the trial, decides any legal issues that ari during the trial and controls the evidence the jury is allowed to hear. If the evidence is weak the judge can instruct the jury to acquit the accud. At the conclusion of the evidence the judge will sum up the ca to the jury before they retire to reach a verdict. The judge at this point can do no more. The judge can u his summing up to indicate to the jury that the only reasonable decision to reach would be a guilty verdict; however, there is no actual judicial power to instruct juries to convict an accud. If the jury’s verdict is a perver one there is nothing more the judge can do; it must be accepted. If the verdict is acquittal, it is unchallengeable. There is no appeal against an acquittal in Crown Court and further, once the accud is acquittal, he can be not be charged with the same offence again.
初审案件中陪审团的功能是认定案件的事实。这些成员全部都是没有任何法学知识的外行，但却能胜
任于提出法律上的意见。他们必须倚赖他们最为普通的感知来分析被告以及不利于他的证据，以便确定判决结论。法官的功能则是解释法律（拉丁语inter alia），向陪审团解释法律，通过法官的解释，使得陪审团成员在其自身对于法律的理解之上做出判决。法官与陪审团的关系是非常紧密的。法官主持审判，解决任何的在审判中提出的陪审团想要听到的证据采信方面的法律上的问题。如果证据不足以说明所起诉的问题，陪审团可以做出宣告被告无罪的指令。为了使陪审团在证据之上得到结论，在陪审团作出判决解散之前，法官要负责搜集和概括已往的案例。在这一点上，法官能做的仅此这些。法官可以运用他所搜集的先例向陪审团表明这个唯一合理的判决可能是一个有罪的判决，然而，这却并不是一个主动的司法强制力指示陪审团成员作出被告有罪的判决。即使一个陪审团的判决是荒谬的，法官却不能做任何改变；这个判决结果必须被接受。如果判决是宣告无罪，法官不能质
疑这个宣告的有效性。对于英国王室法院的无罪宣告，任何人不允许上诉，并且一旦被告被宣告无罪，他将不会以同类犯罪理由再被起诉。
2. Selection Of The Jury 陪审团的选拔
Anyone who is listed on the electoral register between the age of 18 and 70 is eligible for jury rvice. Ineligible persons are members of the judiciary and others involved in the justice system, e.g. barristers and solicitors, the clergy ,the mentally ill.
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任何年龄在18至70岁，在陪审团选拔人注册名录上登记的人都具有担任陪审员的合法资格。不具有合法资格的人是指法院系统的人和其他包含在司法系统中的成员，例如出庭律师和事物律师，神职人员和心智不全的人。
A. Jury Vetting 陪审员审查
The panel is lected at random and any party to the proceedings can inspect the panel from which the jurors will be chon. Jury vetting, as a means to reduce the
神奇动物周末票房rando mness, is the investigation of jurors’ backgrounds to determine whether they are suitable for jury rvice.shaq>2012专四真题
陪审团全体成员全部都由随机产生，诉讼中的任何一方当事人都要对即将被选出的陪审团全体人员进行检查，从而确定。为了减少陪审员成员确定的盲目性，必须要对这些人员的背景进行调查，以便确
认他们是否适合担当陪审团义务。
B. Challenging Jury Membership 申请回避（挑战陪审团成员）
Either party has the right to challenge the prence of a juror on three grounds:
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a. the juror is in fact not qualified; or
b. the juror is biad; or
c. the juror may be reasonably suspected of bias against the defendant.
任何一方当事人都有权利对现任陪审团成员就以下三个方面要求其回避：
a. 陪审员在事实上不符合法定要求；或者
b. 陪审员存有偏见；或者
c. 具有合理理由怀疑陪审员可能对被告存在偏见。
When people respond to a jury summons, they gather at the court hou to form a pool of potential j
urors from which they are called in groups for specific criminal or civil trials. There they are questioned by attorneys for each side and/ or the trial judge about their background, life experiences, and opinions to determine whether they can weigh the evidence fairly and objectively. This process is called voir dire, an Anglo-French term meaning “to speak the truth.”
当人们回应出席陪审团召集会，他们就被聚集到法庭里组成陪审团候选团队，在这些人中，他们随后又被分到特定的刑事或民事案件的组里。在那里，他们回答双方律师的提问，问题涉及他们的背景，生活经历以及他们是否能够公正而客观的针对证据作出判决意见等等。这个程序被称作“voir dire”，一个英用法语词汇，意思是“说出事实真相。”
In the United States, there is no limit to the number that can be rejected. While in UK, only the defen has the opportunity to make a peremptory challenge to the potential juror and arbitrarily reject a number. The procution has the right to ask a juror to “stand by for the Crown”. The “stood by” juror only got on the jury if the entire panel have been ud up.
在美国，申请回避的数量没有限度。在英国，只有辩护方有权利对候选陪审员提出无因回避请求，拒绝一定数量的陪审员。控方有权要求“法庭中留下一位”陪审员。这个备用的陪审员只在所有的陪审员都用完的情况下才进入陪审团。
2. Trial By Jury 陪审团初审
A jury trial is a trial of a lawsuit or criminal procution in which the ca is prented to a jury and the factual questions and the final judgment are determined by a jury. This is distinguished from a “court trial” in which the judge decides factual as well as legal questions, and makes the final judgment.
陪审团初审的意思是指一个案件或者刑事指控的初审，这个案子被呈现在陪审团面前，它的事实问题的认定和最终的判定都由陪审团决定。这不同于那种“法官审判”，在法官审判中，法官认定这个案件的事实问题和法律问题，同时做出案件的最终判决。
The questions put to tho early juries were usually questions of fact or mixed questions of fact and law. Modern juries may deal with questions of law in addition to questions of fact when rendering general verdicts, and Federal juries are usually limited to dealing with questions of fact.
摆在早期陪审团面前的案子通常涉及对事实问题或者是事实和法律的综合问题进行裁决。现代陪审员当做出总体裁决时不仅可以面对事实问题，还可以解决法律问题。联邦陪审团通常被限制为只能就事实问题进行裁决。
focus是什么意思The jury trial finds expression in the American legal system in three places: the grand jury, the criminal petit jury, and civil petit jury. Each is guaranteed in the federal courts by the U.S. Constitution, and every state us them.
在美国的司法制度中，有三处地方可以找到关于陪审团初审的表达：大陪审团，刑事普通陪审团（小陪审团），民事小陪审团。每一种都是由美国联邦宪法保障其在联邦法院中的职能和地位，各州也应用这个制度。
4. Grand Jury 大陪审团
The grand jury as an institution was so firmly established in the traditions of American forebears that
they included it in the Bill of Rights. The Fifth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States provides in part that “no person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwi infamous crime, unless on a prentment or indictment of a Grand Jury…”
大陪审团作为一个组织的存在是从美国人祖先所建立的坚定的传统，他们通过权利法案将这一制度确立下来。在美国联邦宪法第五修正案中有述：“任何人未经大陪审团审判，不承受死罪或不名誉之罪……”
The powers and functions of the federal grand jury differ from tho of the federal trial jury, which is called the petit jury. The petit jury listens to the evidence offered by the
