第七讲 被动语态
英语中被动语态使用范围极为广泛，尤其以科技英语为甚。凡是在不必说出主动者、不愿说出主动者、无从说出主动者或者是为了便于连贯上下文等场合，往往都用被动语态。汉语中虽也有被动语态的句子，但使用范围狭窄得多。
被动语态的处理
a) Many people think birth control is quite necessary in China.
b) It is widely (commonly) thought/believed/held/accepted) that bvibirth control is quite necessary in China.
a) More and more people agree (realize/are aware) that women should enjoy full equality with men.
b) There is a growing agreement (realization/awareness) that women should enjoy full equality with men.
a) Many Chine people have gone to the United Stateslantern festival loverootin the past 15 years.
b) The past 15 years have brought many Chine people to the United States.
a) We almost forget this event.
b) This event is now almost fading from our memory.
a)cleanclear Students should certainly make continuous汉英翻译器 efforts.
b) Continuous efforts on the part of students are certainly required.
a) We easily drew the conclusion through the investigation.
b) The investigation easily led us to the conclusion.
不要千篇一律地使用主动态(英语中被动结构的使用频率远高于汉语),如例11中的a）。
automationa) We are making great efforts to improve our English.
b) Great efforts are being made to improve our English.
a) We know very little about the nature of human beings.
b) Little is known about the nature of human beings.
a) Becau of social demands, there appear many evening schools.
b) Many evening schools are called into existence by social demands.
a) We may think more of the elderly who live apart from their children.
b) More thought may 工藤新一日语be given to the elderly who live apart from their children.
1. 常见的汉译英被动语态
广泛应用被动语态，是英语的特点之一，而在汉语中被动语态使用较少。如：
例1：这个问题解决了。
This problem has been solved.
例2：这座电站今年年底造好。
The construction of this power station will be completed by the end of the year.
例3mr先生英文怎么读：这个规定不得违反。
This regulation should not be violated.
例4：这件事至今还没得出正确的结论。
So far no correct conclusion has been drawn on the matter.
从语法上讲，英语被动语态的各种用法都有一定的理由。这些理由正是在汉译英时使用被动语态的依据。从汉英对比的角度看，下述几方面值得我们特别注意：
汉语中的完全被动态（真正的被动态）用表示被动的助词“被”或跟“被”意义相同的“受”、“由”、“遭”、“给”、“挨”、“叫”、“让”、“为……所……”等构成。用完全被动态的句子一般要相应地译成英语的被动句子。如：
例1：他仅有的一点钱也被抢去了。
He was robbed of what little money he had.
例2：他受人尊敬。
He is respected (honored, esteemed) by all.
例3：这些小孩每天早晨由母亲替他们穿衣服。
The children are dresd by their mother every morning.
例4：他遭到了邻居们的嘲笑。
He was laughed at by his neighbours.
例5：这组织已给不良分子破坏了。
The organization has been destroyed by undesirable elements.
例6：这孩子将挨母亲责罚了。
The boy will be punished by his mother.
例7：一个男孩子让汽车压死了。
A boy was run over by a motorcar.
例8：有明显的迹象表明，一些古老的传统和价值观不再为年轻人所珍视。
Obvious signs show that some old traditions and values are not cherished by youth any more.
汉语中还有些被动句是用“加以”、“予以”等之后加谓语动词来表达被动意义，英译时一般译为被动句。
例9：这个问题必须以适当的方式予以处理。
The problem must be dealt with by appropriate means.
例10：该计划将由一个特别委员会加以审查。
The plan will be examined by a special committee.
汉语中凡着重说明一件事是怎样的，或在什么时候、什么地点做的，常用“是……的”或“为……所”。这种结构的句子带有一种解释语气，也属于被动，英译时常使用被动语态。如：
例11：缺点和错误是会克服的。
Shortcomings and mistakes will surely be overcome.
例12：这艘轮船是中国制造的。
This ship was made in China.
例13：社会主义思想体系已为全国人民所接受。
Socialist ideology has been accepted by the people of the whole country.
2. 无主句的被动语态
汉语和英语在主语的应用上是很不同的。英语语法通则要求每一个句子有一个主语，没有主语是例外。汉语语法的通则是：凡主语显然可知时以不用为常。所谓显然可知，多指主语是“我”、“我们”、“你”、“你们”；在语言环境能暗示或说话人双方能意会时，就不必说出。这种无主句英译时一般要用被动语态。如：
例1：一开始只能学习少数句型。
At first only a few ntence patterns can be learned.
例2：要把必要的资料收集起来，加以分析。
The necessary quantity of data should be collected and analyzed.
例3：最后达成了协议。第三国际
At last an agreement was arrived at.
例4：如果不按时将书归还图书馆或到期前不续借，就得按规定罚款。
If books are not retuned to the library on time or not renewed before they are due, a fine must be paid in accordance with the regulations.
例5：随着工业的迅速发展，将生产出更多更快的喷气式飞机。
With the rapid development of industry, more and faster jet planes will be produced.
汉语中还有一些无主句，其中主动者是不可知的，或是无从根究的，英译时需用被动语态。如：
例6：昨天捉到了那凶手。
That murderer was caught yesterday.
例7：必须保证每天八小时睡眠。
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.
例8：门外对了许多钢板。
A number of plates was stored outside of the door.
3. 主动句被动译
在汉语中，如果一句话有两个分句，或上下两句话在意思上紧密相关，英译时用被动式有时可以给予连接上的便利，或加强上下文的连贯性。如：
例1：他站起来讲话，到会听众予以热烈鼓掌。
He ro to speak and was warmly applauded by the audience prent.
汉语中两个分句分别以“他”和“到会听众”为主语。英译时第二个分句改为被动式后两个分句可共用一个主语he。这样读起来通畅并强调了he受到欢迎。公关礼仪培训
例2：你听说过马拉松赛跑吗？去年国家体委曾在北京举行第一次全国马拉松锦标赛。
Have you heard of the Marathon Race? The First All-China Marathon Championship Race was held in Beijing lat year under the auspices of the Chine National Athletic Committee.
