《新编简明英语语言学教程》第二版练习题参考答案
Chapter 1 Introduction
1. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
答：Linguistics is bad on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure. In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, the linguists has to collect and obrve language facts first, which are found to display some similarities, and generalizations are made about them; then he formulates some hypothes about the language structure. The hypothes thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the obrved facts to fully prove their validity. In linguistics, as in any other discipline, data and theory stand in a dialectical complementation, that is, a theory without the support of data can hardly claim validity, and data without being explained by some theory remain a muddled mass of things.
快乐的英文2. What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study?
答：The major branches of linguistics are:
cover letter(1) phonetics: it studies the sounds ud in linguistic communication;
(2) phonology: it studies how sounds are put together and ud to convey meaning in communication;
(3) morphology: it studies the way in which linguistic symbols reprenting sounds are arranged and combined to form words;
(4) syntax: it studies the rules which govern how words are combined to form grammatically permissible ntences in languages;
(5) mantics: it studies meaning conveyed by language;
(6) pragmatics: it studies the meaning in the context of language u.
3. In what basic ways does modern linguistics differ from traditional grammar?
答：The general approach thus traditionally formed to the study of language over the years is roughly referred to as “traditional grammar.”Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in veral basic ways.
Firstly, linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.
Second, modem linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Traditional grammarians, on the other hand, tended to emphasize, maybe over-emphasize, the importance of the written word, partly becau of its permanence.
Then, modem linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a Latin-bad framework.
4. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?
答：In modem linguistics, a synchronic approach ems to enjoy priority over a diachronic one. Becau people believed that unless the various states of a language in different historical periods are successfully studied, it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development.
5. For what reasons does modern linguistics give priority to speech rather than to writing? 答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication. Modem linguistics regards the spoken language a s the natural or the primary medium of human language for some obvious reasons. From the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech
is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always “invented”by its urs
to record speech when the need aris. Even in today's world there are still many languages
that can only be spoken but not written. Then in everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed. And also, speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later when he goes to school. For modern linguists, spoken language reveals many true features of human speech while written language is only the “revid”record of speech. Thus their data for investigation and analysis are mostly drawn from everyday speech, which they regard as authentic.
6. How is Saussure's distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?
disconnected>芝加哥有什么大学
答：Saussure's distinction and Chomsky's are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view and to
him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.
7. What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?
答：First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules.
Second, language is arbitrary in the n that there is no intrinsic connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for.
Third, language is vocal becau the primary medium for all languages is sound. Fourth, language is human-specific, i. e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life posss.
8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to
show that it is esntially different from animal communication system?
答：The main features of human language are termed design features. They include:
1) Arbitrariness
咀嚼的读音
Language is arbitrary. This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.
A good example is the fact that different sounds are ud to refer to the same object in different languages.
2) Productivity
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of ntences, including ntences they have never heard before.
3) Duality
Language consists of two ts of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themlves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.
double dragon4) Displacement
Language can be ud to refer to things which are prent or not prent, real or imagined matters in the past, prent, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be ud to refer to
contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This is what “displacement”means.
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5) Cultural transmission
While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e., we were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically
transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned.
9. What are the major functions of language? Think of your own examples for illustration. 答：Three main functions are often recognized of language: the descriptive function, the expressive function, and the social function.
The descriptive function is the function to convey factual information, which can be asrted or denied, and in some cas even verified. For example: “China is a large country with a long history.”
The expressive function supplies information about the ur’s feelings, preferences, prejudices, and values. For example: “I will never go window-shopping with her.”
The social function rves to establish and maintain social relations between people. . For example: “We are your firm supporters.”cpio
2013四级听力
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
1. What are the two major media of linguistic communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?
答：Speech and writing are the two major media of linguistic communication.
Of the two media of language, speech i s more primary than writing, for reasons, plea refer to the answer to the fifth problem in the last chapter.
2. What is voicing and how is it caud?
答：Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. It is caud by the vibration of the vocal cords.
wmo3. Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?
答：The transcription with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription. This is the
