Ancient Egyptian Architecture
古埃及建筑
I. A short introduction:
Ancient Egyptian architecture is the architecture of ancient Egypt, one of the most influential civilizations throughout history, which developed a vast array of diver structures and great architectural monuments along the Nile, among the largest and most famous of which are the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza.
简介：古埃及建筑是指古埃及时期在尼罗河一带所发展出之具有文明影响力且组织结构多元化的建筑风格。目前这些建筑有一些被完好的保存了下来，其中较知名的有吉萨金字塔群、狮身人面像、阿布辛拜勒神庙和卡纳克神庙等。
The History of Western Architecture begins in ancient Egypt .Anc ient Egyptian forms reprent the beginning of monumental western architecture .Even to the later Greeks and Romans, Egyptian architecture was considered ancient and mysterious .Under 30 dynasties dynasties which endured 30 centuries, the political ,social and economic structure of Egypt was an extremely stable civilization .For 劳动节的名人名言
3000years,the way of life in Egypt continue mostly unchanged and many of the basic architectural forms remained constant. As a result, people lived with a great n of curity and continuity under the ruling King .The King was the head of the Egyptian state, both in politics and religion, but was also considered the all powerful god. Ancient Egyptian culture was one of the most successful in the history of the world becau of its continuity and ability to create so many grand monuments over such a long period of time. It was not until Alexander the Great conquered Egypt in 332BC that the ancient Egyptian way of life ended and Egypt became part of the great Roman Empire.
西方建筑的历史起源于古埃及。古埃及的建筑形式代表了西方纪念性建筑的开始。甚至同此后的希腊、罗马相比，埃及建筑更加的古老神秘。在历朝历代中，埃及的政治、社会和经济结构都是极其稳固的文明。整整3000年，埃及的生活方式几乎没有什么变化，很多基本的建筑形式延续了下来。因此，埃及人伴随着一种强大的安全感和持续性生活在国王的统治下。国王是埃及整治和宗教的统治者，也被认为是万能的神（法老）。因其延续性以及在如此漫长的时期内创造出的许多壮观的遗迹，古埃及文化是世界历史上最成功的文化之一。直到公元前332年亚历山大大帝征服埃及，古埃及的生活方式终结，埃及成为罗马帝国的一部分。
II.N atural Conditions and Social Background of Ancient Egypt (Ancient Egyptian Civilization)
古代埃及的自然条件与社会背景（古埃及文明）
1. Natural Conditions
brandJust as life aro from the waters, the eds of civilization were first sown along the banks of the Nile. This mighty river, which flows north from the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea, nourished the growth of the pharaonic kingdom.
就像生命来自于水，文明的种子首先沿着尼罗河岸播撒。这条强大的河流从非洲的心脏自南向北流向地中海。
埃及位于非洲的东北部，其南部为未开辟的高原，北临地中海，东濒红海，西接干燥的不毛沙漠，气候炎热少雨。
The Nile River V alley defined the limits of human activity as the valley was protected on the east by the mountains and on the west by the dert. The Nile River was the source of life for ancient Egyptians. Each summer the River swelled with rain and overflowed its banks on the banks on the way to the Mediterranean Sea. As the waters receded, the fertility of the soil produced agricultural wealth which gave the Egyptians curity and contentment. Becau the ancient Egyptians lived in peace with plentiful food (instead of in war and starvation) ,they had the power and strength to build their great monuments. Peaceful times were needed as a pyramid could take up to 40or 50 years to
build.
每年夏季河水泛滥，土地肥沃，使得农产品丰收，给埃及人民带来了安全满足。因为古埃及人生活和平富足（而不是生活在战争和饥饿中），它们才有力量和勇气去建造他们伟大的纪念物。在和平年代，修建一座金字塔需要40到50 年的时间。
The Nile River was also a means of transportation and communication which helped maintain a cloly connected country. The visual character of the Nile valley influenced the architects to create an architecture that could stand up against the scale and grandeur of the great Nile River, the steeps cliffs and immen dert as well as the ambitious demands of each King or Queen. The cliffs lining the Nile V alley provided a huge amount of stone (limestone, granite etc). Stone was the building material of the royal tombs and temples. The enormous stones were either quarried on site or cut from the cliffs and then moved by boat and for the mummy cas which held the dead King.
尼罗河同时作为一种运输和交流的手段，使国家的联系更加紧密。
尼罗河谷的视觉特征影响了建筑师，使他们创造了一种能够与广阔的尼罗河、陡峭的悬崖、无垠的沙漠以及每位国王或王后勃勃的野心的宏伟壮观并肩站立的建筑。
排列在尼罗河谷边的峭壁提供了大量的岩石。岩石是贵族陵墓和神庙的主要建筑材料。
无数的岩石要么在悬崖的一侧开采出，要么直接切下来，随后用船运送，建造成装死去国王的木乃伊的箱子。
On the banks of the Nile, the Egyptians built their cities, temples and tombs. Not much is known of their hous and commercial buildings becau they were built from unprotected sun-dried bricks and wood which eventually decompod. Even with the weathering of time, the temples and tombs remain mostly intact becau they were constructed out of massive and permanent stone block. The royal tomb was a monument and final home for the dead King which contained a vault or chamber for his body. The royal temple was a place of worship and was sometimes dedicated to a King or Queen with a special place for their burial.
在尼罗河岸上，埃及人民建造了他们的城市、庙宇和陵墓。他们的房屋和商业建筑并不为人所知，因为它们是用没有保护层的晒干的砖和木头建造的，砖木最终被分解掉。即便是随着时间的风化，神庙和陵墓也几乎完封不动，因为它们由厚重而恒久的石块构成。
王室的陵墓是死去法老的墓碑和最终归宿，它包含一个放有他身体的石室或房间。最高贵的庙宇是膜拜神灵的地方，又时也会用来举办国王或王后葬礼。
2. Social Background社会背景
The other powerful force which influenced Egyptian architecture was the religious belief in life after death.
另外一个影响埃及建筑的重要因素是对于生死的宗教信仰。
Government and religion were inparable in ancient Egypt. The pharaoh was the head of state and the divine reprentative of the gods on earth.
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古埃及是政教合一的国家。法老是国家统治者和地面上神的代表。
Ancient Egypt could not have achieved such stability and grandeur without the co-operation of all levels of the population. The pharaoh was at the top of the social hierarchy. Next to him, the most powerful officers were the viziers, the executive heads of the bureaucracy. Under them were the high priests, followed by royal overers (administrators) who ensured that the 42 district governors carried out the pharaoh's orders. At the bottom of the hierarchy were the scribes, artisans, farmers and labourers.
等级制度。自上而下依次为法老，维齐尔，大祭司，王室监督者，最底层的是文士，工匠，农民和劳工。
The temples in the major cities throughout the land were constructed to venerate local gods.
陆地主要城市的神庙用来供奉当地的神灵。
The sun was a principal deity who passage across the sky reprented the eternal cycle of birth, death and rebirth. The pharaohs were en as gods, divine reprentatives on earth who, through rituals, ensured the continuation of life. After death, they became immortal, joining the gods in the afterworld.
太阳神是一位主要的神灵，穿过天空的通路代表了出生，死亡和重生永恒的循环。法老被视作神，地球上神圣的代表，他能够通过仪式保证生命的延续。死后，它们或得永生，加入死后世界的神灵中。
The Egyptians also believed that the body and soul were important to human existence, in life and in death. Their funerary practices, such as mummification and burial in tombs, were designed to assist the decead find their way in the afterworld.
埃及人也相信身体和灵魂在人类活着和死亡时对于其存在非常重要。它们在葬礼中的做法，如木乃伊化和埋进陵墓，是为了帮助死者找到通往后世的道路而设计的。
To keep the soul alive, it was necessary to prerve in death all that existed in life. Within the chamb
ers of the tomb were statues of the King, furniture, artwork, jewelry, cooking utensils-in all, the Pharaoh’s posssions and anything el he would need in afterlife. Even the King’s body was prerved through a special process called mummification. He was then placed in the mummy ca and aled into the royal tomb. If properly buried, the King would live forever to protect the Egyptian people.
为了使灵魂活着，必须使死者保留生前的一切。陵墓的内庭中有国王的雕塑，家具，艺术品，珠宝，餐具等所有法老的财产和任何他在以后的生活中需要的东西。国王的身体也通过一种特殊的被称作木乃伊化的过程保存下来。他会被放置在盛放木乃伊的棺椁里，密封进陵墓中。如果被正确地埋葬，国王会永生并保护埃及的人民。
III. Ancient Egyptian Periods:system是什么意思
建筑历史时期
1.Old Kingdom Architecture (c. 3200 –2158 B.C.)
古王国时期（公元前32世纪~前22世纪）
Archtecture is entirely pulchral, chiefly the tombs of monarchs and nobles.
建筑完全是丧葬性的，主要是国王和贵族的陵墓。
Mastabas - the oldest remaining form of pulcher; it is a rectangular, flat-roofed structure with sloping walls containing chambers built over the mummy pit.
马斯塔巴-现存最古老的丧葬性建筑；它是一个矩形、平顶结构的建筑物，由斜墙为何成内
庭，其下为放置木乃伊的地坑。
Pyramids - The pyramid of a sovereign was begun as soon as he ascended the throne, The Giza pyramid complex, are the best known.
金字塔-国王的金字塔从他登上王位起就开始动工，吉萨金字塔群是最著名的。
Hous were constructed from mud bricks, this method of construction of cular buildings continued through out the entire history of Egypt
房屋用泥土砖块建造，这种方式建造的世俗建筑持续了埃及的整个历史。
2.Middle Kingdom Architecture（c.2200~1580 B.C.）
中王国时期的建筑（公元前22世纪~前1580年）
Architecture remains mainly pulchral
建筑仍以丧葬性质为主
英语辞典
archenemyBeni Hasan - Tombs tunneled out of the rock cliffs on the west bank of the Nile
贝尼·哈桑-陵墓有通道通向尼罗河西岸的岩石峭壁。
Middle Kingdom Pyramids - Less elaborate than in the Old Kingdom pyramids
中王国时期的金字塔-比古王国时期的金字塔更简单
Temples construction began at Thebes (Karnak and Abu Simbel) - but all the temples of The Middle Kingdom were subject to massive reconstruction in the New Kingdom. There are no surviving unaltered examples
在底比斯(卡纳克和阿布辛贝)，神庙建筑开始兴建-但是中王国时期所有的庙宇在新王国时期都进行了大规模重建。无一不变。
3.New Kingdom Architecture(c. 1580 –332 B.C.)
新王国时期建筑（公元前1580年~前332年）
The golden age of temple construction in Thebes
底比斯神庙建筑的黄金时代
"Rock sculptured" - Abu Simbel
“岩石雕刻”-阿布辛贝
"Hypostyle Hall" - Amun Karnak | Abydos | Luxor Temple
“多柱式大厅”—阿蒙卡纳克|阿比多斯|卢克索神庙
"Mortuary" - Deir El Bahri and The Ramesum
“陵庙”-达尔巴赫里和拉美西斯神庙
Sepulchral architecture is prent in the V alley of the Kings - tombs are excavated from rock.
丧葬性建筑出现在国王谷-陵墓在岩石中发掘。
（4）Ptolemaic Architecture（c.332~30 B.C.）addoil
托勒密王朝时期建筑（公元前332~公元前30）
A revolution in Egyptian Architecture: public buildings were erected for the first time.
capf埃及建筑的改革：首次出现公共建筑
Utilitarian Public Buildings - Pharos Lighthou
exhibit功利性质的公共建筑-法洛斯灯塔
Cultural and Scientific centers - Library and Muum of Alexandria
文化科学中心-亚历山大图书馆和博物馆
Temples constructed in the same 'Hypostyle Hall' architectural style of the New Kingdom such as. Edfu, Philae , Denderah, Esna and Kom Ombo
庙宇采用与新王朝时期的“多柱式大厅”同样的建筑风格建造，如 Edfu，菲来岛，登德拉，埃斯那和科翁布神庙。
IV．The Development of Ancient Egyptian Architecture
T ombs:
Pyramid陵墓建筑：金字塔
The spectacular pyramids that have made Egypt so famous are truly one of the world's greatest architectural wonders.令埃及著名的壮观的金字塔是真正的世界最伟大的建筑奇迹之一。数字翻译成英文
A pyramid is a tomb, a four-sided stone structure that symbolizes the sacred mountain, humanity's universal striving to reach the heavens. The ancient belief in raising the human spirit towards the gods is the quintesntial purpo behind the construction of pyramids. Even today, pyramids are metaphors for humanity's arch for higher consciousness.
金字塔是一个陵墓，一座四条边的石建筑，它象征着神圣的高山，人类为到达天国的全部努力。这种将人的灵魂带到神的面前的古老信念是修建金字塔最精髓的目的。只要今天，金字塔仍旧是人类追求更高觉悟的隐喻。
Pyramid form As the King was considered God, all power and the living son of Ra (Sun-God), the pyramid form was designed as the King's ladder to heaven The form reprented permanence, stability and power. It also reprented geometric perfection with all sides aligned to the points of the compass north, east, south and west. Materials - massive granite, limestone or sandstone blocks finished with a casing of limestone The limestone smoothed the surface to make the pyramid appear more geometrically perfect. Sometime granite slabs were also ud for casings. Method of Construction - not actually known, but there are many theories about different types of ramps One thing for sure, lots of manpower were ud. Peasants were paid with food and clothing to work on the pyramids except during harvest ason when construction temporarily stopped.
金字塔形式- 国王被视为神，力量的集合和活着的拉（太阳神）的儿子，金字塔的形式被设计成国王通向天国的阶梯。这种形式代表了永恒，稳定和力量。它四条边分别同东西南北四个方向对齐，代表着几何学的完美。
材料-巨大的花岗岩，石灰岩或砂岩被覆盖在石灰岩的表层下。石灰岩使表面更光滑，从而使金字塔呈现更加完美的几何形。有时花岗岩石板也用来做表皮。
建造方法-尚不清楚，但有很多与坡道的不同形式有关的理论。有一件事很确定，大量人力被用在这上边。除了饥荒的季节建设工程被迫停止外，农民可以通过修建金字塔挣取食物和衣服。
1.Mastaba, First Dynasty, 3600-2600BC
马斯塔巴，第一王朝，公元前3600-前2600
The earliest royal tombs were the mastabas which were built for the royals (kings and queens) and for the nobility class during the First Dynasty @3200BC. The mastaba was the precursor (fore-runner) of the pyramid (royal tomb). Mastabas were small, rectangular structures with battered (sloping) walls and flat roofs. They were made from sun-dried brick and then faced (covered) with limestone block to appear more solid and permanent. The small structures were built over underground tombs that were connected to the outside by a small air shaft. Only the chapel or sanctuary (small room for worship) could be entered. The chapel was ud for offerings to the soul with a small chamber (room) which held a statue of the dead.
公元前3200年为王室（国王和王后）建造以及贵族阶层建造的马斯塔巴是最早的王室陵墓。马斯塔巴就是金字塔（王室陵墓）的前身（先驱）。马斯塔巴是小型的，平顶斜墙的矩形构
