托福阅读真题第29篇Ocean_...高仓健追捕
地球的海水从何而来？科学家们一致认为，大量的水一定是在行星吸积过程中到达的，吸积是地球和太阳系中其他行星在 46 亿年前形成的绕太阳轨道上的物质碰撞和粘在一起的过程。也许在猛烈轰炸期间增加了大量的体积，在此期间地球被大量彗星（其原子核主要由冰组成）和其他行星形成留下的物体撞击。最终在地球上发现的水量可能与地核（最内层）的形成有关。当富含铁和镍的核心形成时，行星形成过程中的大部分水在氧化过程中被消耗，水中的氧成分被用来制造铁和镍的氧化物。构成海洋的是残留的水。也许地球最初形成后彗星携带的水显着增加了剩余的数量，也许不是 0.1n，海洋在 38 亿年前达到了大约现在的体积。但这并不意味着他们在他们现在的地区。地质学家唐洛估计，在 30 亿年前，地球表面不到 5% 是陆地。地球的大气层也与今天有很大不同。没有氧气，二氧化碳 (o2) 多 d.1 倍——可能是今天的 100 到 1,000 倍。构成海洋的是残留的水。也许地球最初形成后彗星携带的水显着增加了剩余的数量，也许不是 0.1n，海洋在 38 亿年前达到了大约现在的体积。但这并不意味着他们在他们现在的地区。地质学家唐洛估计，在 30 亿年前，地球表面不到 5% 是陆地。地球的大气层也与今天有很大不同。没有氧气，二氧化碳 (o2) 多 d.1 倍——可能是今天的 100 到 1,000 倍。构成海洋的是残留的水。也许地球最初形成后彗星携带的水显着增
划蝽科加了剩余的数量，也许不是 0.1n，海洋在 38 亿年前达到了大约现在的体积。但这并不意味着他们在他们现在的地区。地质学家唐洛估计，在 30 亿年前，地球表面不到 5% 是陆地。地球的大气层也与今天有很大不同。没有氧气，二氧化碳 (o2) 多 d.1 倍——可能是今天的 100 到 1,000 倍。80亿年前。但这并不意味着他们在他们现在的地区。地质学家唐洛估计，在 30 亿年前，地球表面不到 5% 是陆地。地球的大气层也与今天有很大不同。没有氧气，二氧化碳 (o2) 多 d.1 倍——可能是今天的 100 到 1,000 倍。80亿年前。但这并不意味着他们在他们现在的地区。地质学家唐洛估计，在 30 亿年前，地球表面不到 5% 是陆地。地球的大气层也与今天有很大不同。没有氧气，二氧化碳 (o2) 多 d.1 倍——可能是今天的 100 到 1,000 倍。
地球内部由于更多的来自内部的公共场所，更多的是从内部空间中的公共场所和其他活动的现场，比现在的场景和场景的场景。所蕴含的能量，现在要暗释放的能量可能比现在少了。
北京肚皮舞教练培训如果地球一直是一个水世界会发生什么？全球气温可能会保持高位甚至升高。为了形成动物生命，温度必须从公认的太古代时期（大约 4 到 25 亿年前）的特征水平下降。当太阳
变热时全球温度下降需要大气中二氧化碳的急剧减少——减少温室效应。因此必须有一些去除二氧化碳的方法。最有效的方法是伊斯兰国 through the formation of limestone, which us O2 as one of its building blocks and thus removes it from the atmosphere. ut significant volumes of limestone form today only in shallow water; the most effective limestone formation occurs in depth of less than 20 feet (6 meters),In deeper water, high concentrations of dissolved O2 slow or inhibit the chemical reactions that lead to limestone formation. There is evidence of deep-water, inorganic limestone formation in very old rocks on Earth, as demonstrated by geologist Jo. Grominger and his team. The studies thow. that early Earth's ocean may have been saturated in the compounds that can produce limestone and thus could have formed solid limestone in deeper water at that time, removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as a conquence. However, Grominger points out that occurrences of carbonate rocks such as limestone during the early rchaean--roughly the first billion years of Earth's existence—are rare. nd th只是部分原因是这个时代的岩石稀有。从大气中去除二氧化碳的核心模式——碳酸盐岩的形成——似乎很少发生。
因此，要形成大量石灰岩，就需要浅水，但在没有大陆的星球上，浅水供不应求。在地球上，大约在 2.7 到 25 亿年前，大陆区域迅速增加，导致陆地面积从大约 5% 增加到大约 30%。更大的大陆意味着更大的浅水区域，因为大陆的出现创造了靠近大陆的浅水区域以及大型内陆海和湖泊。
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吝啬怎么读►Where did Earth's ocean water come from? Scientists agree that a large amount of water must have arrived during planet, accretion, which is the process of collision and sticking together of the material in orbit around the Sun by which Earth and the other planets in the solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago. Perhaps significant volumes were added during the period of heavy bombardment, during which Earth was being hit by a large number of comets (who nuclei are compod mostly of ice) and other objects left over from the formation of the planets. The volume of water eventually found on Earth may be related to the formation of Earth's core (innermost layer). When the iron- and nickel-rich core formed, most of the water in the forming planet was consumed in oxi
dation process whereby the oxygen component of water was ud to make iron and nickel oxides. It is the residual water that make up the oceans. Perhaps that residual quantity was significantly enhanced by water carried by comets after Earth's initial formation, perhaps not .1n either ca, the oceans reached approximately their prent volume by 3.8 billion years ago. ut this does not mean they were at their prent area. Geologist on Lowe has estimated that before 3 billion years ago, less than 5 percent of Earth's surface was land. Earth's atmosphere was also very different from that of today. There was no oxygen, and there was a great d.1 more carbon dioxide (o2)—perhaps 100 to 1,000 times as much as today.
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►Where did Earth's ocean water come from? Scientists agree that a large amount of water must have arrived during planet, accretion, which is the process of collision and sticking together of the material in orbit around the Sun by which Earth and the other planminute是什么意思
ets in the solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago. Perhaps significant volumes were added during the period of heavy bombardment, during which Earth was being hit by a large number of comets (who nuclei are compod mostly of ice) and other objects left over from the formation of the planets. The volume of water eventually found on Earth may be related to the formation of Earth's core (innermost layer). When the iron- and nickel-rich core formed, most of the water in the forming planet was consumed in oxidation process whereby the oxygen component of water was ud to make iron and nickel oxides. It is the residual water that make up the oceans. Perhaps that residual quantity was significantly enhanced by water carried by comets after Earth's initial formation, perhaps not .1n either ca, the oceans reached approximately their prent volume by 3.8 billion years ago. ut this does not mean they were at their prent area. Geologist on Lowe has estimated that before 3 billion years ago, less than 5 percent of Earth's surface was land. Earth's atmosphere was also very different from that of today. There was no oxygen, and there was a great d.1 more carbon dioxide (o2)—perhaps 100 to 1,000 times as much as today.
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►一般将来时的用法Earth's surface temperature was higher than it is now becau more heat was emanating from the interior and becau of the warming generated by the extensive O2 and other greenhou gas in the atmosphere. Greenhou gas trap heat near the surface through the so-called greenhou effect. Earth's internal generation of heat was an important factor; the Sun at this time was much fainter, a delivering perhaps a third less energy, than at the prent time. 语
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►What would have happened if Earth had stayed a water world? Probably global temperatures would have remained high or even incread. For animal fife to form, the temperature had to drop from the levels acknowledged to have been characteristic of rchaean time (about 4 to 2.5 billion years ago). drop in global temperature while the Sun
was getting hotter required a drastic reduction of atmospheric O2--a reduction of the greenhou effect. Thus there had to be some means of removing O2.The most effective way to do this is through the formation of limestone, which us O2 as one of its building blocks and thus removes it from the atmosphere. ut significant volumes of limestone form today only in shallow water; the most effective limestone formation occurs in depth of less than 20 feet (6 meters),In deeper water, high concentrations of dissolved O2 slow or inhibit the chemical reactions that lead to limestone formation. There is evidence of deep-water, inorganic limestone formation in very old rocks on Earth, as demonstrated by geologist Jo. Grominger and his team. The studies thow. that early Earth's ocean may have been saturated in the compounds that can produce limestone and thus could have formed solid limestone in deeper water at that time, removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as a conquence. However, Grominger points out that occurrences of carbonate rocks such as limestone during the early rchaean--roughly the first billion years of Earth's existence—are rare. nd this is only partly due to the rarity of rocks of this age. It looks as though the central mode of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere-the formation of carbonate rocks—ldom occurred.
