流水线英文
LINGUIST List 17.104
Fri Jan 13 2006
Review: Corpus Linguistics: Sinclair (2004)
Editor for this issue: Lindsay Butler <lindsaylinguistlist>
What follows is a review or discussion note contributed to our Book Discussion Forum. We expect discussions to be informal and interactive; and the author of the book discusd is cordially invited to join in. If you are interested in leading a book discussion, look for books announced on LINGUIST as "available for review." Then contact Sheila Dooley at dooleylinguistlist.
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1. Oliver Streiter, Trust The Text: Language, Corpus and Discour
Message 1: Trust The Text: Language, Corpus and Discour
Date: 11-Jan-2006
From: Oliver Streiter <ostreiterweb.de>
Subject: Trust The Text: Language, Corpus and Discour
money是什么意思AUTHOR: Sinclair, John McH.
EDITOR: Carter, Ronald
TITLE: Trust The Text
SUBTITLE: Language, Corpus and Discour
PUBLISHER: Routledge (Taylor and Francis)
YEAR: 2004
Announced at linguistlist/issues/15/15-2786.html
Oliver Streiter, National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
OVERVIEW
The book under review, ''Trust the Text: Language, corpus and discour'' by John Sinclair is a collection of 12 papers on written discour structure, lexis structure, phraology, lexicography and linguistic theory. All papers have been published previously between 1982 and 2003, but many of the papers are not easily accessible. Some have been published in Festschriften, others are transcripts of lectures. The book thus tries to make the papers accessible to a wider audience.
The author, John Sinclair is one of the most influential and original figures in contemporary
linguistics. His focus on the analysis of spoken language and his practical and theoretical work in corpus linguistics, long before this had become mainstream, has influenced many linguists and has changed the face of modern linguistics.bye bye love
SUMMARY
Most of the ideas prented in this collection have been discusd or assimilated by the rearch community and taken as a basis for further rearch. A summary of this follow-up is out of the scope of this review. What this review thus only can do is to identify and explain key ideas prented in each paper and finally try to evaluate the book in terms of whether it succeeds in disminating the ideas.
The book, edited by Ronald Carter, is organized in three parts, called 'Foundations', 'The organization of text' and 'Lexis and grammar'.
PART I Foundations
Paper 1: Trust the text
This paper argues that the availability of electronic corpora should lead to a re-evaluation of linguistic rearch traditions. It warns of upward projections of proven linguistic techniques to areas with larger linguistic units. For the analysis of discour, thus, new techniques and a new framework of description are needed.
One notion introduced is the ''prospection'' in spoken discour. A prospection classifies what is going to follow in discour. Thus, different from backward oriented models which focus on antecedents in the preceding discour, it is argued that either the entire discour is encapsulated via a reference in the current ntence (examples can be found in Paper 5, pg. 86, eg. words like 'and', 'however', 'also' etc.) or that the current ntence has been projected by the preceding discour (like when you say ''... has dramatic conquence.'', what follows will be understood as the conquences).
The paper then continues and makes a number of claims which challenge established assumptions:
+ The idea of a stable lemma is questioned as different word forms of a lemma have different patterns of meaning.
+ A word that can be ud in more than one word class tends to have specific meanings associated with each word class. This correlation between word class and meaning breaks down when the words form part of idiomatic phras or technical terms.
+ Words may have specific privileges or restrictions how they are ud (as subject, in prepositional phras etc.)
+ Words have subliminal meanings, such as the verb 'happen' which refers to something nasty.
+ Grammar is a grammar of meaning and should state which meaning corresponds to which
旋窝grammatical pattern.
+ Words are not lected independently but share meaning components which cannot be ascribed to a single word or a single morpheme.
+ As a result of the common lection of related words, the words have to give up parts of their meaning. This is referred to as 'delexicalization'. This delexicalization is easily visible with adjective-noun combinations in which adjectives lo much of their meaning, e.g. when they stress part of the meaning of the noun (e.g. 'physical bodies');
Paper 2: The arch for units of meaning
This paper propos a linguistic unit called the 'lexical item', a unit in the lexical structure to be lected independently and which then lects lexical or grammatical patterns for its expression.
elishaThat words are not independent units can be en from compounds, phrasal verbs, proverbs etc. Words are more or less dependent on each other and this dependence lies somewhere between an 'open choice' and an 'idiom'. Open choice reprents the 'terminological tendency', i.e. the tendency for each word to have a fixed, context-independent meaning. Idiomaticity reprents the 'phraological tendency' where words are lected together and make meanings from their combinations. While traditionally the terminological principle is en as central to language, this paper focus on the phraological tendency.
Phraological combinations, even if considered to be fixed, allow for small variations to fit the phras
eological combination into its context. In addition, the different components of a phraological combination have distinct functions. This is taken as an argument for their co-lection.
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The phraological combination 'the naked eye' is analyzed. It is shown that it consist of a mantic prosody ('difficult'), a mantic preference ('e'), a colligation (preposition) and an invariable core, i.e. the collocation 'the naked eye', example: 'just visible to the naked eye'.
For the phraological combination 'true feeling' the lexical item consists of a mantic prosody ('reluctant'), a mantic preference ('communicate'), a colligation (posssive) and a collocation ('true feelings'), as in 'try to communicate our true feelings'. The mantic prosody and the mantic preference can be fud as in 'conceal, 'hide' or 'mask'.
A similar analysis is provided for the verb 'brook', which becau of its infrequent usage, might be more independent of the context. But even for this verb, a complex lexical unit can be identified if sufficient corpus data are available.
2016年6月16日PART II The organization of text
Paper 3: Planes of discour
This paper integrates written language and discour in one framework as both are esntially interactive. Two notions are introduced. The 'autonomous plane' of discour gives access to the
record of experience of speakers by integrating previous experiences in the form of words and phras in a text structure. The 'interactive plane' of discour is in charge of negotiating between participants, lecting the effect of utterances and what features of the outside world utterances should incorporate. The organization of written text is also managed on the interactive plane, e.g. predictions, anticipations, lf-reference, discour labeling and participant intervention.
Some operation allows switching the attention between the two planes. 'Reports' transfer attention to the autonomous plane within an utterance, so that the author does not have to adhere to the fact.
A 'reference' to the preceding discour encapsulates the old interaction and makes it available on the autonomous plane. 'Quotes' however remain on the interactive plain.
In fiction, then, similar to a report, the author no longer averes each utterance. However she does not attribute the utterances to an author in the real world neither The evaluation at the end (laughter, moral) marks then the return to averral. The notions introduced in this paper are then illustrated in the analysis of a fragment of fiction.
Paper 4: On the integration of linguistic descriptionbronson
This paper elaborates and illustrates the notions developed in the previous paper. It is shown how the identification of the interactive and autonomous plane of discour can be ud for a descriptive system (annotation scheme) for the analysis of written texts and spoken discour.
百度在线翻译Paper 5: Written discour structure
This paper elaborates ideas prented in Paper 1 in the analysis of data. Of central importance is the idea of encapsulation. Each new ntence takes over from the previous ntence the status of 'state of the text'. By default, each new ntence encapsulates the previous one by a reference. This removes the discour function from the previous ntence and leaves mainly a meaning trace in memory, and only partially a trace of form. The encapsulation creates coherence and cohesion is defined as the referencing act. Point-to-point references, eg. a pronoun referring to its antecedent are then interpreted mainly with reference to the shared knowledge and not the text.
'Logical acts' encapsulate the whole of the previous ntence (eg. through the words 'but', 'therefore') or the previous half of the same ntence (eg. through the words 'and', 'rather'). 'Deictic acts' also include the whole of the previous ntence (eg. 'that', 'this').
A 'prospection' about the next ntence requires the next ntence to fulfill the created expectancies if coherence is to be maintained. A text is analyzed to illustrate and discuss this notion. Different sub-types of prospections, such as prospection through an attribution, internal prospection or advanced labelling are introduced.
Paper 6: The internalization of dialogue
This paper tries to link spoken and written discour in a single description and does so in a very original way. The author claims that properties of ntence grammar can be understood by relating grammatical structures (subordinate clau, relative clau, noun phra etc.) to features of spoken interaction, and that in the phylogenetic development of languages the features of spoken
interaction are internalized (understood as ''creating a (language)-internal reprentation of'').
Through the internalization of the 'speaker change', a single speaker can change the posture and prent conflicting ideas. The speaker, when marking this change, is no longer bound by the requirement to be coherent in his posture.
Declarative, interrogative or imperative mood can be equally understood as internalization of perform
全国大学英语四六级考试官网ative aspects of discour. By internalizing them the speaker can now achieve the same speech act with a combination of different moods. This extends the range and the fines of mood choices and thus creates an open t of possible speech acts.
The internalization of speech acts as subordinate claus free them from their interactive function. Thus, hypothes can be formulated by the speaker. Through the internalization, the move (i.e. the discour unit) becomes a proposition, the averral becomes a truth value and the situational context becomes a possible world. When internalized as restrictive relative claus, then this clau may specify which referents are included under a denotation by reference to a possible world. Prepositional phras and attributive adjectives are derived from the by leaving the truth value unexpresd (e.g. dropping the copula).
Paper 7: A tool for text explication
The author describes the history of text analysis/explication in its various forms (stylistics, discour analysis) as a periodical movement between the poles of objectivity (e.g. using descriptive schemes) and subjectivity (to achieve a qualitatively rich analysis). In an impressive analysis of a small text fragment, the author shows how corpus data can be ud in a qualitatively rich analysis of discour strategies, having as supported massive objective data.
PART III Lexis and grammar
Paper 8: The lexical item
This paper starts from a historic account of the distinction between 'word' and 'lexical item'. The author revives the notion of 'lexical item' to describe the vocabulary in more meaningful terms, e.g. to account for the fact that a vocabulary is a limited t of meaningful items which in text can assume an unlimited number of meanings. An alternative model according to which words are exchange in their paradigm is rejected as it creates artificial meanings and meaning ambiguities which are not felt by a native speaker. Instead, a mechanism called 'reversal' is introduced according to which meaning is created from the context and takes precedence over the meaning assigned in the vocabulary. When using 'lexical items' in generation, there is less choice than with words and almost no ambiguity.
The components of lexical items are tho we have en in Paper 2, the core, the mantic prosody (both obligatory), collocation, colligation and mantic preference. Through their syntactic flexibility (colligation) and mantic flexibility, lexical items allow for a limited paradigmatic choice and thus an integration with other lexical items in their context. New meanings are created when contextual const
raints and lexical specifications do not match. The nature of a lexical item is illustrated in an analysis of the usage of the verb 'budge'.
