《英语教学法》名词解释
<P3〉
◆Structural view黑龙江大学校园信息门户 (结构主义语言理论）
The structural view of language es language as a linguistic system made up of various subsystemsprevented: the sound system （phonology）; the discrete units of meaning produced by sound combinations (morphology), and the system of combining units of meaning for communication (syntax).
◆Functional view（功能主义语言理论）
The functional view not only es language as a linguistic system but also a means for doing things。 In order to perform functions， learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions。
◆Interactional view（交互语言理论)
The interactional view considers language to be a laizicommunicative tool， who main u is to build up and maintain social relations between people.
heavytraffic〈P5—6〉
◆Behaviourist theory（行为主义理论）——-—-—Skinner
The key point of the theory of conditioning is that＂you can train an animal to do anything( with reason） if you follow a certain procedure which has three major stages， stimulus, respon, and reinforcement＂.
◆Cognitive theory（认知理论)
Chomsky thinks that language is not a form of behaviour, it is an intricate rule-bad system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. There are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system and with a knowledge of the an infinite number of ntences can be produced。 A language learner acquires language competence which enables him to produce language.
◆Constructivist theory (建构主义理论)———-—--John Deweybe ud to doing
The constructivist theory believes that 在线词典查询learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning bad on his/her own experiences and what he/she already knows。
◆Socio-constructivist theory （社会建构主义理论）
Vygotsky emphasis interaction and engagement with the target language in a social context bad on the concept of “Zone of Proximal Development” （ZPD） and scaffolding.
<P18〉
◆Linguistic competence(语言能力）--—-Hedge
Linguistic competence is concerned with knowledge of the language itlf， its form and meaning.
◆Pragmatic competence (语用能力) -———Hedge
Pragmatic competence is concerned with the appropriate u of the language in social context如何美白皮肤小窍门.
◆Discour competence (话语能力/ 语篇能力） --—-Canale and Swain
Discour competence refers to one’s ability to create coherent written text or conversation and the ability to understand them.
◆Strategic competence （策略能力）
Strategic competence refers to strategies one employs when there is communication breakdown due to lack of resources.
关联词
〈P86〉
◆Errors
An error has direct relation with the learners' language competence.Errors result from lack of knowledge in the target language.
◆Mistakes
A mistake refers to a performance error that is either a random guess or a slip of tongue, and it is a failure performance to a known system。Mistakes result from carelessness and hesitation。
〈P143>
◆Bottom-up model (自下而上的模式）
In the bottom-up model, listening comprehension is believed to start with sound and meaning recognitions. In other words, “we u information in the speech itlf to try to comprehend the meaning” .
◆Top-down model （自上而下的模式）
考试书 In the top-down model, listening for gist and making u of the contextual clues and background knowledge to construct meaning are emphasid. In other words， listening
comprehension involves “ knowledge that a listener brings to a text, sometimes called “ inside the head” information， as oppod to the information that is available within the text itlf” .
