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托福阅读TPO15(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Glacier Formation冰川形成
托福阅读原文
Glaciers are slowly moving mass of ice that have accumulated on land in areas where more snowfalls during a year than melts. Snow falls as hexagonal crystals, but once on the ground, snow is soon transformed into a compacted mass of smaller, rounded grains. As the air space around them is l学英语的好网站
esned by compaction and melting, the grains become denr. With further melting, refreezing, and incread weight from newer snowfall above, the snow reaches a granular recrystallized stage intermediate between flakes and ice known as firn. With additional time, pressure, and refrozen meltwater from above, the small firn granules become larger, interlocked crystals of blue glacial ice. When the ice is thick enough, usually over 30 meters, the weight of the snow and firn will cau the ice crystals toward the bottom to become plastic and to flow outward or downward from the area of snow accumulation.
Glaciers are open systems, with snow as the system’s input and meltwater as the system's main output. The glacial system is governed by two basic climatic variables: precipitation and temperature. For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass, there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting, evaporation, and calving, which occurs when the glacier los solid chunks as icebergs to the a
小学英语学习网站or to large lakes. If summer temperatures are high for too long, then all the snowfall from the previous winter will melt. Surplus snowfall is esntial for a glacier to develop. A surplus allows snow to accumulate and for the pressure of snow accumulated over the years to transform buried snow into glacial ice with a depth great enough for the ice to flow. Glaciers are sometimes classified by te
替代品英文mperature as faster-flowing temperate glaciers or as slower-flowing polar glaciers.
Glaciers are part of Earth’s hydrologic cycle and are cond only to the oceans in the total amount of water contained. About 2 percent of Earth’s water is currently frozen as ice. Two percent may be a deceiving figure, however, since over 80 percent of the world’s freshwater is locked up as ice in glaciers, with the majority of it in Antarctica. The total amount of ice is even more awesome if we estimate the water relead upon the hypothetical melting of the world’s glaciers. Se a level would ri about 60 meters. This would change the geography of the planet considerably. In contrast, should another ice age occur, a level would drop drastically. During the last ice age, a level dropped about 120 meters.
高铁英文When snowfalls on high mountains or in polar regions, it may become part of the glacial system. Unlike rain, which returns rapidly to the a or atmosphere, the snow that becomes part of a glacier is involved in a much more slowly cycling system. Here water may be stored in ice form for hundreds or even hundreds of thousands of years before being
relead again into the liquid water system as meltwater. In the meantime, however, this ice is not static. Glaciers move slowly across the land with tremendous energy, carving into even the hardest r
ock formations and thereby reshaping the landscape as they engulf, push, drag, and finally deposit rock debris in places far from its original location. As a result, glaciers create a great variety of landforms that remain long after the surface is relead from its icy covering.
Throughout most of Earth’s history, glaciers did not exist, but at the prent time about 10 percent of Earth’s land surface is covered by glaciers. Prent-day glaciers are found in Antarctica, in Greenland, and at high elevations on all the continents except Australia. In the recent past, from about 2.4 million to about 10,000 years ago, nearly a third of Earth’s land area was periodically covered by ice thousands of meters thick. In the much more distant past, other ice ages have occurred.
托福阅读试题
1.The word “interlocked”（Paragraph 1）in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.intermediate
汉英词典在线翻译
B.linked
C.frozen
D.fully developed
2.According to paragraph 1, which of the following does NOT describe a stage in the development of firn?
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A.Hexagonal crystals become larger and interlock to form a thick layer.
B.Snow crystals become compacted into grains.
20个元音音标C.Granules recrystallize after melting, refreezing, and further compaction.
D.Grains become denr owing to reduced air space around them.
voiceofamerica3.The word “match”（Paragraph 2）in the passage is clost in meaning to
C.approximate
D.equal
4.The word “transform”（Paragraph 2）in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.break
B.push
C.change
5.Accordingto paragraph 2, surplus snow affects a glacier in all the following ways EXCEPT:
英语单词速记法口诀A.It provides the pressure needed to cau glacial ice to flow.
