外籍家教Designation:D5084–03
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous
鲁伯特 山德斯Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter1
育才教育怎么样This standard is issued under thefixed designation D5084;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or,in the ca of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parenthes indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope*
1.1The test methods cover laboratory measurement of the
hydraulic conductivity(also referred to as coeffıcient of per-
meability)of water-saturated porous materials with aflexible
wall permeameter at temperatures between about15and30°C
(59and86°F).Temperatures outside this range may be ud;
however,the ur would have to determine the specific gravity
of mercury and R T(e10.3)at tho temperatures using data
from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.There are six
alternate methods or hydraulic systems that may be ud to
measure the hydraulic conductivity.The hydraulic systems
are as follows:
1.1.1Method A—Constant Head
1.1.2Method B—Falling Head,constant tailwater elevation
1.1.3Method C—Falling Head,rising tailwater elevation
1.1.4Method D—Constant Rate of Flow
1.1.5Method E—Constant V olume–Constant Head(by
mercury)天津韩语培训班
1.1.6Method F—Constant V olume–Falling Head(by mer-
cury),rising tailwater elevation
1.2The test methods u water as the permeant liquid;e
4.3and Section6on Reagents for water requirements.
1.3The test methods may be utilized on all specimen
types(undisturbed,reconstituted,remolded,compacted,etc.)
that have a hydraulic conductivity less than about1310−6m/s
(1310−4cm/s),providing the head loss requirements of5.2.3
are met.For the constant-volume methods,the hydraulic
conductivity typically has to be less than about1310−7m/s.
1.3.1If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about
1310−6m/s,but not more than about1310−5m/s;then the
size of the hydraulic tubing needs to be incread along with
the porosity of the porous end pieces.Other strategies,such as
using higher viscosityfluid or properly decreasing the cross-头发毛躁怎么办
ctional area of the test specimen,or both,may also be
possible.The key criterion is that the requirements covered in
Section5have to be met.
1.3.2If the hydraulic conductivity is less than about
1310−11m/s,then standard hydraulic systems and tempera-
ture environments will typically not suffice.Strategies that may
be possible when dealing with such impervious materials may
include the following:(a)controlling the temperature more
precily,(b)adoption of unsteady state measurements by
using high-accuracy equipment along with the rigorous analy-
s for determining the hydraulic parameters(this approach
reduces testing duration according to Zhang et al.(1)2),and(c)
shortening the length or enlarging the cross-ctional area,or
both,of the test specimen.Other items,such as u of higher
hydraulic gradients,lower viscosityfluid,elimination of any
possible chemical gradients and bacterial growth,and strict
verification of leakage,may also be considered.
1.4The hydraulic conductivity of materials with hydraulic
conductivities greater than1310−5m/s may be determined by
Test Method D2434.
1.5All obrved and calculated values shall conform to the
建议的英文guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.5.1The procedures ud to specify how data are collected,
recorded,and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
industry standard.In addition,they are reprentative of the
significant digits that should generally be retained.The proce-
dures ud do not consider material variation,purpo for
obtaining the data,special purpo studies,or any consider-
ations for the ur’s objectives;and it is common practice to
increa or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
commensurate with the considerations.It is beyond the scope
of this standard to consider significant digits ud in analysis
methods for engineering design.
1.6This standard also contains a Hazards ction about
using mercury,e Section7.
1.7The time to perform this test depends on such items as
the Method(A,B,C,D,E,or F)ud,the initial degree of
saturation of the test specimen and the hydraulic conductivity
of the test specimen.The constant volume Methods(E and F)
and Method D require the shortest period-of-time.Typically a
test can be performed using Methods D,E,or F within two to 1This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04on Hydrologic
Properties of Soil and Rocks.
Current edition approved Nov.1,2003.Published January2004.Originally
approved in1990.Last previous edition approved in2000as D5084–00e1.
2The boldface numbers in parenthes refer to the list of references appended to
this standard.
*A Summary of Changes ction appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright©ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.
three days.Methods A,B,and C take a longer period-of-time,from a few days to a few weeks depending on the hydraulic conductivity.Typically,about one week is required for hydrau-lic conductivities on the order of 1310–9m/s.The testing time is ultimately controlled by meeting the equilibrium criteria for each Method (e 9.5).
1.8The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard,unless other units are specifically given.By tradition in U.S.practice,hydraulic conductivity is reported in centime-ters per cond,although the common SI units for hydraulic conductivity is meters per cond.
1.9This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its u.It is the responsibility of the ur of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u.
2.Referenced Documents 2.1ASTM Standards:3
D 653Terminology Relating to Soil,Rock,and Contained Fluids
D 698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,4000ft-lbf/ft 3(600kN-m/m 3))
D 854Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer
D 1557Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000ft-lbf/ft 3(2,700kN-m/m 3))
D 1587Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-pling of Soils
D 2113Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling for Site Investigation
D 2216Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D 2434Test Method for Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head)
D 2435Test Method for One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soil
D 3550Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils D 3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock Ud in Engineering Design and Construction
D 4220Practices for Prerving and Transporting Soil Samples
D 4753Specification for Evaluating,Selecting and Speci-fying Balances and Scales for U in Soil,Rock,and Construction Materials Testing
D 4767Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test for Cohesive Soils
D 5079Practices for Prerving and Transporting Rock Core Samples
D 6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-cal Data
D 6151Practice for Using Hollow-Stem Augers for Geo-technical Exploration and Soil Sampling
密封圈英文
D 6169Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Ud with Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-gations 3.Terminology
3.1Definitions:
3.1.1For common definitions of other terms in this stan-dard,e Terminology D 653.
3.1.2head loss,h L or h —the change in total head of water across a given distance.
3.1.2.1Discussion —In hydraulic conductivity testing,typi-cally the change in total head is across the i
nfluent and effluent lines connected to the permeameter,while the given distance is typically the length of the test specimen.
3.1.3permeameter —the apparatus (cell)containing the test specimen in a hydraulic conductivity test.
3.1.3.1Discussion —The apparatus in this ca is typically a triaxial-type cell with all of its components (top and bottom specimen caps,stones,and filter paper;membrane;chamber;top and bottom plates;valves;etc.).
3.1.4hydraulic conductivity,k —the rate of discharge of water under laminar flow conditions through a unit cross-ctional area of porous medium under a unit hydraulic gradient and standard temperature conditions (20°C).
3.1.
4.1Discussion —In hydraulic conductivity testing,the term coeffıcient of permeability is often ud instead of hydraulic conductivity ,but hydraulic conductivity is ud exclusively in this standard.A more complete discussion of the terminology associated with Darcy’s law is given in the literature.(2,3)
3.1.5pore volume of flow —in hydraulic conductivity test-ing ,the cumulative quantity of flow into a test specimen divided by the volume of voids in the specimen.
4.Significance and U
4.1The test methods apply to one-dimensional,laminar flow of water within porous materials such as soil and rock.4.2The hydraulic conductivity of porous materials gener-ally decreas with an increasing amount of air in the pores of the material.The test methods apply to water-saturated porous materials containing virtually no air.
4.3The test methods apply to permeation of porous materials with water.Permeation with other liquids,such as chemical wastes,can be accomplished using procedures simi-lar to tho described in the test methods.However,the test methods are only intended to be ud when water is the permeant liquid.See Section 6.
4.4Darcy’s law is assumed to be valid and the hydraulic conductivity is esntially unaffected by hydraulic gradient.4.5The test methods provide a means for determining hydraulic conductivity at a controlled level of effective stress.Hydraulic conductivity varies with varying void ratio,which changes when the effective stress changes.If the void ratio is changed,the hydraulic conductivity of t
he test specimen will likely change,e Appendix X2.To determine the relationship
3
For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM
website.
between hydraulic conductivity and void ratio,the hydraulic conductivity test would have to be repeated at different effective stress.
4.6The correlation between results obtained using the test methods and the hydraulic conductivitie
s of in-placefield materials has not been fully investigated.Experience has sometimes shown that hydraulic conductivities measured on small test specimens are not necessarily the same as larger-scale values.Therefore,the results should be applied tofield situations with caution and by qualified personnel.
4.7In most cas,when testing high swell potential mate-rials and using a constant-volume hydraulic system,the effec-tive confining stress should be about 1.5times the swell pressure of the test specimen or a stress which prevents swelling.If the confining stress is less than the swell pressure, anomalousflow conditions my ,mercury column(s) move in the wrong direction.
N OTE1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent of the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities ud.Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing,sampling,inspection,etc..Urs of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740does not in itlf assure reliable results.Reliable results depend on many factors;Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of tho factors.
baikal5.Apparatus
5.1Hydraulic System—Constant head(Method A),falling head(Methods B and C),constant rate offlow(Method D), constant volume-constant head(Method E),or constant volume-falling head(Method F)systems may be utilized provided they meet the following criteria:
5.1.1Constant Head—The system must be capable of maintaining constant hydraulic pressures to65%or better and shall include means to measure the hydraulic pressures to within the prescribed tolerance.In addition,the head loss across the permeameter must be held constant to65%or better and shall be measured with the same accuracy or better.
A pressure gage,electronic pressure transducer,or any other device of suitable accuracy shall measure pressures to a minimum of three significant digits.The last digit may be due to estimation,e5.1.1.1.
5.1.1.1Practice D6026discuss the u or application of estimated digits.When the last digit is estimated and that reading is a function of the eye’s elevation/location,then a mirror or another device is required to reduce the reading error caud by parallax.
5.1.2Falling Head—The system shall allow for measure-ment of the applied head loss,thus hydraulic gradient,to65% or better at any time.In addition,the ratio of initial head loss divided byfinal head loss
over an interval of time shall be measured such that this computed ratio is accurate to65%or better.The head loss shall be measured with a pressure gage, electronic pressure transducer,engineer’s scale,graduated pipette,or any other device of suitable accuracy to a minimum of three significant digits.The last digit may be due to estimation,e5.1.1.1.Falling head tests may be performed with either a constant tailwater elevation(Method B)or a rising tailwater elevation(Method C),e Fig.1.This schematic of a hydraulic system prents the basic components needed to meet the objectives of Method C.Other hydraulic systems or schematics that meet the objectives are acceptable.
5.1.3Constant Rate of Flow—The system must be capable of maintaining a constant rate offlow through the specimen to 65%or better.Flow measurement shall be by calibrated syringe,graduated pipette,or other device of suitable accuracy. The head loss across the permeameter shall be measured to a minimum of three significant digits and to an accuracy of 65%or better using an electronic pressure transducer(s)or other device(s)of suitable accuracy.The last digit may be due to estimation,e5.1.1.1.More information on testing with a constant rate offlow is given in the literature(4).
5.1.4Constant Volume-Constant Head(CVCH)—The sys-tem,with mercury to create the head loss,m
ust be capable of maintaining a constant head loss cross the permeameter to 65%or better and shall allow for measurement of the applied head loss to65%or better at any time.The head loss shall be measured to a minimum of three significant digits with an electronic pressure transducer(s)or equivalent device,(5)or bad upon the pressure head caud by the mercury column, e10.1.2.The last digit may be due to estimation,e5.1.1.1.
5.1.4.1Schematics of two CVCH systems are shown in Fig. 2and Fig.3.In each of the systems,the mercury-filled portion of the tubing may be continuous for constant head loss to be maintained.For the system showed in Fig.2,the head loss remains constant provided the mercury column is vertical and is retained in only one half of the burette system(left burette in Fig.2).In the system shown in Fig.3,the head loss remains constant provided the water-mercury interface on the effluent end remains in the upper horizontal tube,and the water-mercury interface on the influent end remains in the lower horizontal tube.The schematics prent the basic components needed to meet the objectives of Method E.Other hydraulic systems or schematics that meet the objectives are acceptable.
5.1.4.2The types of hydraulic systems are typically not ud to study the temporal or pore-fluid effect on hydraulic conductivity.The total volume of the specimen is maintained constant using this pr
adnsocedure,thereby significantly reducing effects caud by epage stress,porefluid interactions,etc. Rather,the systems are intended for determining the hydrau-lic conductivity of a material as rapidly as possible.
5.1.4.3Hazards—Since this hydraulic system contains mer-cury,special health and safety precautions have to be consid-ered.See Section7.
5.1.4.4Caution—For the types of hydraulic systems to function properly,the paration of the mercury column has to be prevented.To prevent paration,the mercury and“constant head”tube have to remain relatively clean,and the inside diameter of this tube cannot be too large;typically a capillary tube is ud.The larger diameterflushing tube(Fig.2)is added to enableflushing clean water through the system without excessive mercury displacement.Traps to prevent the acciden-talflow of mercury out of the“Constant Head”tube orflushing tube are not shown in Fig.2and Fig.3.hamada
5.1.5Constant Volume-Falling Head(CVFH)—The system, with mercury to create the head loss,shall meet the
criteria
given in 5.1.2.The head loss shall be measured to a minimum of three significant digits with an electronic pressure transduc-er(s)or equivalent device(s),(5)or bad upon the differential elevation between the top surfaces of the mercury level in the headwater and tailwater tubes.The last digit may be due to estimation,e 5.1.1.1.
5.1.5.1A schematic drawing of a typical CVFH hydraulic system is shown in Fig.4(5).Typically,the tailwater tube has a smaller area than the headwater tube to increa the nsi-tivity of flow measurements,and to enable flushing clean water through the system without excessive mercury displacement in the headwater tube.The schematic of the hydraulic system in Fig.4prents the basic components needed to meet the objectives of Method F.Other hydraulic systems or schematics that meet the objectives are acceptable.The development of the hydraulic conductivity
equation for this type of system is given in Appendix X1.5.1.5.2See 5.1.4.2.
5.1.5.3Hazards —Since this hydraulic system contains mer-cury,special health and safety precautions have to be consid-ered.See Section 7.
5.1.5.4Caution —For the types of hydraulic systems to function properly,the paration of the mercury column and entrapment of water within the mercury column have to be prevented.To prevent such problems,the mercury and tubes have to remain relatively clean.In addition,if different size headwater and tailwater tubes are ud,capillary head might have to be accounted for,e Appendix X1,X1.2.3.2,and X1.4.Traps to prevent the accidental flow of mercury out of the tubes are not shown in Fig.4.
5.1.6System De-airing —The hydraulic system shall be designed to facilitate rapid and complete removal of free air bubbles from flow ,using properly sized tubing and ball valves and fittings without pipe threads.Properly sized tubing,etc.,means they are small enough to prevent entrap-ment of air bubbles,but not so small that the requirements of 5.2.3cannot be met.
5.1.7Back Pressure System —The hydraulic system shall have the capability to apply back pressure to the specimen to facilitate saturation.The system shall be capable of maintain-ing the applied back
pressure throughout the duration of hydraulic conductivity measurements.The back pressure sys-tem shall be capable of applying,controlling,and measuring the back pressure to 65%or better of the applied pressure.The back pressure may be provided by a compresd gas supply,a deadweight acting on a piston,or any other method capable of applying and controlling the back pressure to the tolerance prescribed in this
paragraph.
FIG.1Falling Head –Rising Tail System,Method
C
N OTE 2—Application of gas pressure directly to a fluid will dissolve gas in the fluid.A variety of techniques are available to minimize dissolution of gas in the back pressure fluid,including paration of gas and liquid phas with a bladder and frequent replacement of the liquid with de-aired water.
5.2Flow Measurement System —Both inflow and outflow volumes shall be measured unless the lack of leakage,conti-nuity of flow,and cessation of consolidation or swelling can be verified by other mea
ns.Flow volumes shall be measured by a graduated accumulator,graduated pipette,vertical standpipe in conjunction with an electronic pressure transducer,or other volume-measuring device of suitable accuracy.
5.2.1Flow Accuracy —Required accuracy for the quantity of flow measured over an interval of time is 65%or better.5.2.2De-airing and Compliance of the System —The flow-measurement system shall contain a minimum of dead space and be capable of complete and rapid de-airing.Compliance of the system in respon to changes in pressure shall be minimized by using a stiff flow measurement system.Rigid tubing,such as metallic or rigid thermoplastic tubing,or glass shall be ud.
5.2.3Head Loss —Head loss in the tubes,valves,po-rous end pieces,and filter paper may lead to error.To guard against such errors,the permeameter shall be asmbled with no specimen inside and then the hydraulic system filled.
5.2.3.1Constant or Falling Head —If a constant or falling head test is to be ud,the hydraulic pressures or heads that will be ud in testing a specimen shall be applied,and the rate of flow measured with an accuracy of 65%or better.This rate of flow shall be at least ten times greater than the rate of flow that is measured when a specimen is placed inside the permeameter and the same hydraulic pressures or heads are applied.
5.2.3.2Constant Rate of Flow —If a constant rate of flow test is to be ud,the rate of flow to be ud in testing a specimen shall be supplied to the permeameter and the head loss measured.The head loss without a specimen shall be less than 0.1times the head loss when a specimen is prent.5.3Permeameter Cell Pressure System —The system for pressurizing the permeameter cell shall be capable of applying and controlling the cell pressure to 65%or better of
the
FIG.2Constant Volume –Constant Head System,Method E
(5)
