内容摘要
行为规范教育是小学校园中常见的教育行为，这一教育意图从学生的身体规范出发，最终指向学生道德水平的提升。上海市的基础教育改革走在全国的前列，在改革中提倡学生的能动性、以学生为本、创新与个性化教育等，但同时又对小学生的行为规范有严格的要求，所以即使是在强调个性化的基础教育改革过程中，小学校园中的行为规范教育依然占据了学校日常教育实践的很大比重。已有大量的学术研究追问了基础教育改革过程中的中小学行为规范教育，分析了学校中教师对学生的身体规训，考察了学校规章制度下的行为规范教育，思索了教师在行为规范教育中的劳累，但少有研究把行为规范教育再进一步推进讨论：行为规范教育中，教师与学生形成了怎样的关系。
为了探寻小学生的行为规范教育，并更深入地理解行为规范教育中教师和学生的具体互动，本研究选择上海市X校作为田野研究的地点，X校是上海市P区的行为规范教育示范校，并且是一所拥有女足特色的小学。研究者将观察法和访谈法相结合，细致参与观察X校的一个四年级班级，该班级包含女足学生和普通学生，研究者对4名教师和12名学生开展了深入访谈和观察，重点关注5名学生，持续收集教师和学生的材料，最后解答研究者心中困惑的三个问题：小学校园中实施怎样的行为规范教育；小学怎样实施行为规范教育；在这一过程中，师生之间的互动形成了怎样的师生关系。
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经过在X校四个月的田野研究，研究者在本研究中，选择法国思想家社会学家米歇尔·福柯的身体规训与
主体化理论作为分析框架，讨论X校的行为规范教育现象。在X校中，研究者发现该校行为规范教育的实施被弱化和肤浅化，学校中开展的行为规范教育更多关注和考量学生的身体行为，而不是学生良好习惯的养成与道德品质的提升。小学生在课堂内外的身体姿态深受教师的规训影响，教师出于课堂秩序的考虑或提升教学效率的目的，对学生的坐姿站立举手等姿势有严格的标准，但由于教师们对行为规范教育的理解不同，导致学生需要不断改变
自己的身体以适应不同教师的要求。在对X校的行为规范教育进程进行全面的考察后，研究者认为该学校教师对行为规范教育的理解稍显片面，仅仅局限在对学生的身体要求上，而没有推进到对学生的品德培育上。
英语填字游戏为了实施行为规范教育，教师在课堂教学中会采用表扬、批评等措施推动小学生的身体变化，在课堂上施行围观行为、在班级中设立榜样、促使学生干部监督学生，但学生们不是只会顺从地跟随教师的指令，他/她们会通过展现不同的身体姿态来表示反抗。
为了实施行为规范教育，教师要在完成日常的教学工作时，还应分配时间关注学生的行为是否“规范”，考察学生的言行举止，所以教师的工作量及工作负担被加重了，导致教师疲惫不堪，不利于构建友好的师生关系。这样一来，教师与学生的交往便会存在误解与隔阂，让师生关系处于紧张的状态中。
grade基于以上研究发现，本研究审视了当下学校中的行为规范教育，反思教师在教学过程中透露出的规训话语，描绘了小学生的身体变成身不由己的过程，但另一方面研究者讨论了小学生的身体依然拥有一定的主动权，最后揭示了在行为规范教育中，教师的疲惫与学生的不理解导致彼此都不能很好倾听对方的声音。针对上述现象，研究者提出以下几点建议：学校管理层应和教师开展对话，协调行为规范教育要求与教师的考量因素；教师应充分消化学校的行为规范教育细则，并结合教学的需要择需实施；学生应积极表达自己的想法，和教师多交流沟通。关键词：行为规范教育；身体规训；师生关系；主体化
唇亡齿寒翻译
smartyABSTRACT
Behavioral norm education is common in primary school campus. This education starts from the physical norms of students and ultimately points to the moral level of students. The primary and condary school reform in Shanghai is at the forefront of national education, which advocates students' initiative,student-oriented, innovative and personalized education . But at the same time, the requirements of primary school students' behavioral norms are still very large proportion. A large number of academic studies have inquired about the behavioral norms of primary and condary schools in the process of primary and condary education reform, analyzed the physical discipline of teachers ,examined the behavioral norms of education under the rules and regulations ,and ponde
red the teachers’ burden in behavioral norm education. However,few studies further to the relationship between teachers and students in behavioral normative education.
daasIn order to explore the behavioral norm education of primary school students and to understand more deeply the specific interaction between teachers and students in behavioral norm education, this study lected Shanghai X School as the location of field rearch, X School is the model school of behavioral norm education in Shanghai P District,as a primary school with female foot culture. The rearcher combined the obrvation method with the interview method and carefully participated in the obrvation of a class of X School, which included women's football students and non-football students. The rearcher focud on interviewing twelve students, payed more attention on five students, obrved and interviewed the class teachers, classroom teachers and students of the class. To answer the three questions that the rearcher are confud about: what kind of behavioral normative
saibeducation is implemented in primary schools; how to implement behavioral normative education in primary schools; in this process, the interaction relationship between teachers and students within this interaction.
After four months of field rearch, with the help of Foucault's physical discipline theory , rearcher found that the physical posture of primary school students in and out of the classroom was deeply influenced by the teacher's discipline. Teachers have strict standards for students' standing postures becau of the consideration of classroom order or the purpo of improving teaching efficiency. However, teachers have different understandings of behavioral norms education, which leads students to constantly change their bodies to adapt to different teachers’requirements.School teachers' understanding of behavioral norm education is limited to the physical requirements of students, but does not advance to the cultivation of students' moral character.moneybrace
In order to implement behavioral norm education, teachers launch measures such as prai and punishment to promote the physical changes of students, t an example in the class, and urge the student cadres to supervi the students.But the students are not always obediently following the orders. Rebellion will be expresd by showing different body postures.
In the implementation of behavioral normative education, teachers should always pay attention to the students' behavioral norms when completing daily teaching work. The double work burden makes the teachers exhausted, and due to lack of understanding and communication between the two parties, the students’ interaction with the teachers is terrible. There are gaps and misunderstandi
ngs, resulting in a state of tension between teachers and students.
noelBad on the rearch findings, this study examines behavioral normative education in current schools, rethinking the discours that teachers unintentionally reveal in the teaching process, and depicts the process in which primary school
nvastudents become involuntarily, but on the other hand, rearcher discuss the body of the primary school still has a certain initiative, and finally reveals that in the behavioral norm education, the teachers’ exhaustion and the students' incomprehension lead to each other not listening well to each other's voice. In respon to the above phenomenon, the rearcher put forward the following suggestions: the school management should conduct dialogues with teachers to coordinate the behavioral norms of education and teachers' considerations, teachers should fully digest the school's behavioral norms and education rules, lect the needs according to the needs of teaching , students should actively express their ideas and communicate with teachers.
Keywords: behavioral norm education; physical discipline; teacher-student relationship；subjectivizaion
