balletGrammar
For the rules of the English language, e English grammar. For the topic in mathematics, logic, and theoretical computer science, e Formal grammar.
Not to be confud with Grammer or Krammer.
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In linguistics, grammar is the t of structural rules that governs the composition of claus, phras, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes morphology, syntax, and phonology, often complemented by phonetics, mantics, and pragmatics. Linguists do not normally u the term to refer to orthographical rules, although usage books and style guides that call themlves grammars may also refer to spelling and punctuation.[citation needed]
Contents [hide]
flyleaf1 U of the term
2 Etymology
3 History
4 Development of grammars
5 Grammar frameworks
6 Education
7 See also
8 Notes and references
退货英文9 External links
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[edit] U of the termThe term grammar is often ud by non-linguists with a very broad meaning. As Jeremy Butterfield puts it: "Grammar is often a generic way of referring to any aspect of English that people object to."[1] However, linguists u it in a much more specific n. Speakers of a language have in their heads a t of rules[2] for using that language. This is a grammar, and—at least in the ca of one's native language—the vast majority of the information in it is acquired not by conscious study or instruction, but by obrving other speakers; much of this work is done during infancy. Language learning later in life, of cour, may involve a greater degree of explicit instruction.[3]
The term "grammar" can also be ud to describe the rules that govern the linguistic behaviour of a group of speakers. The term "English grammar", therefore, may have veral meanings. It may refer to the whole of English grammar—that is, to the grammars of all the speakers of the language—in which ca, the term encompass a great deal of variation.[4] Alternatively, it may refer only to what is common to the grammars of all, or of the vast majority of English speakers (such as subject–verb–object word order in simple declarative ntences). Or it may refer to the rules of a particular, relatively well-de
fined variety of English (such as Standard English).
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"An English grammar" is a specific description, study or analysis of such rules. A reference book describing the grammar of a language is called a "reference grammar" or simply "a grammar." A fully explicit grammar that exhaustively describes the grammatical constructions of a language is called a descriptive grammar. This kind of linguistic description contrasts with linguistic prescription, an attempt to discourage or suppress some grammatical constructions, while promoting others. For example, preposition stranding occurs widely in Germanic languages and has a long history in English. John Dryden, however, objected to it (without explanation),[5] leading other English speakers to avoid the construction and discourage its u.[6]
[edit] EtymologyFurther information: Grapheme
The word grammar derives from Greek γραμματικὴ τέχνη (grammatikē technē), which means "art of letters", from γράμμα (gramma), "letter", itlf from γράφειν (graphein), "to draw, to write".[7]
