英美⽂化-英国部分
英国部分
History
Iberians
Celts, Gaels, Britons - Irish, Scottish, Welsh culture and language Romans - Alphabet, Roman civilization, Christianity Anglo-Saxons - English race and language
Vikings & Danes - New dialects
Normans (France) - French language
2.2 The Magna Carta/The Great Charter (1215)
The Great Council of barons(贵族) forced King John to sign the Magna Carta limiting his power
The King could not levy extra taxes without people' s connt
King could not change laws
If King refud to obey laws, the vassals could resort to civil war Freedom of trade and lf-government to townspeople Beginning of civil rights
No imprisonment unless convicted by a jury
Life and property protected
First step towards constitutional government
2.3 The Hundred Years War with France (1337-1453)
Reasons: Territorial and economic
English kings posssion of land in France; t he cloth manufacturing towns in Flanders were importers of English wool, but owed political allegiance to the French king; France gave support to the Scots; a growing n of national consciousness
Edward III claimed the French crown in 1337.
By 1453, France had won back their land (with gunpowder) except for city of Calais.承诺的英文
2.4 Richard II (1377-1399): The cau of the War of the Ros(1455-1485) (Lancastrian and Yorkist Hous) Lancastrians: Red ro as the symbol
Yorkists: White ro as the symbol
Fighting for the throne in England
cod是啥Many nobles killed
Henry VII strengthened his claim to the throne by marrying Elizabeth, a daughter of Yorkist Edward IV. The union of the two hous ended the war.
The Tudors (1485-1603): a power and Protestantism
The Tudor dynasty saw the transition of England from a feudal countr y to modern state. Capitalism replaced feudalism Textile industry
Enclosure Movement –cheap labor
Henry VIII (1509-1547)
The Tudor era in England started from the reign of King Henry VIII. Sho rtly after becoming king, Henry VIII took Catherine of Aragon as his brid e on 11 June 1509. He inherited ￡1.5 million pounds from his father and succeeded in the first peaceful transition of power after the Wars of the Ros.
The Reformation: the Church of England 1534
He divorced his wife, Catherine, on the grounds that their marriage w as invalid.
He married Anne Boleyn.
Pope excommunicated Henry, who replied with the Act of Supremacy, which recognized the king as the supreme head of the Church of England.
Elizabeth I ( Anne's daughter) becomes Queen
1558-1603
" Virgin queen"
Seen by many as the" Illegitimate Queen"
King Philip of Spain said Mary Queen of Scots ( Mary' s cousin) was r eal Queen
Philip nt Spanish Armada(⽆敌舰队) to attack
Spanish Armada destroyed in North Sea (1588) and England became master of the as海上霸主
4.1 The Civil War
(Stuart Hou)
4.1.1
James I: rising disntion
Elizabeth I died childless, the throne pasd to her distant Stuart rela tive, James VI.
Major problems
Lack of money
Bitter religious disnsion
4.1.2 Charles I (1625-1649)
Successful rebellion
Involved in the wars against Spain, France and Scotland
Parliament pasd resolutions against illegal taxes and his religious po licy
Charles I dissolved Parliament and imprisoned the leaders.
4.1.3 The Civil War (1642-1649)
War broke out in 1642
Cavaliers for King
Roundheads for the Parliament
Radicals: Puritans for the Parliamentconsideration
Moderates: presbyters and Anglicans for the Parliament
payattentionto
On January 30 1649, Charles I was beheaded
Oliver Cromwell(1649-1660)
England now a republic called Commonwealth
A dictatorship of a radical minority
Titled Lord Protector (of the Commonweath)
The Glorious Revolution (1688-1689)
Charles II : The Restoration (1660-1688): the monarchy returns
The Bill of Rights 1689
William and Mary: King and Queen of England
Parliamentary supremacy
The Industrial Revolution 18th-19thC
The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transport, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural
conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subquently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The u of steam-powered machines, led to a massive increa in the number of
factories. The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way.
Three arms of the State
Head of State the Monarch (non-political)
Legislative Branch (political))
Executive Branch (political)
Judiciary Branch (non-political)
Structure of the central government
659 elected MPs ( Member of Parliament)
⽬前全国共设659个选区（constituency, MP?s at）；
每5年⼀次普选（general elections）；
Electoral system:First-past-the-post (abbreviated FPTP or FPP) system1;
主要两党为Conrvative & Labor;
Voting:100% along party lines mostly
●Hou of Lords
Hereditary peer/peeress 世袭贵族+ Life peer/peeress 终⾝贵族
Executive Branch
1An election won by the candidate(s) with the most votes. The winning candidate does not necessarily receive an absolute majority of all votes cast.
Section: The individual parts of an Act are known as ctions.
Inside the court
●Judges: Appointed by her majesty the Queen, on the advice of the Prime Minister.
●Lay people
Magistrates：No jury in a magistrate?s court JP：Justice of the Peace治安官
Jury:12 lay people Decides guilty or innocentfxck
Outside the court
●Barristers（England & Wales）; Advocates (Scotland)
醒来的英文Plead the ca in court有资格出庭辩护的律师
●Solicitors
Prepare the ca for the barrister before the court hearing主要负责整理法律⽂件，提供法律咨询的律师tag是什么意思啊
Education
System:
From Tripartite System: It was not until the Education Act in 1944 that all children were given the right to free condary (middle school) education.
A “tripartite” system of condary modern, technical and grammar schools lected
11-year-old children at the end of their primary education by means of an exam called the eleven plus.
To Comprehensive System: In the 1950s, the tripartite system: Not ensure equal educational opportunities or a meritocracy. In the 1960s, Comprehensive schools were introduced with the idea that pupils should not be lected & streamed at such an early age.
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Types of schools:
State schools: Operated by public funds, totally funded by the government and are free to all British children. Independent (Private) schools: Privately financed, funded by the fees charged to the parents. They are both more expensive and more exclusive, and tend to give their students a better-quality education overall.
Britain has more than 100 universities, which can be categorized into four types:
1. The ancient universities: existed for centuries, and for a long time the only universities, all of them restricted to men. (E.g. Oxford, Cambridge, St Andrew?s苏格兰, Glasgow苏格兰, Edinburgh苏格兰)
2. The redbrick universities: founded mainly in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century (E.g. Birmingham, Leicester, Liverpool, Sheffield)
3. The universities founded in the 1960s: often in rural areas (e.g. Bath, Esx Surrey, Susx, East Anglia)
4. The …new universities?: once vocational polytechnics but were given university status in 1992 (e.g. Greenwich, Thames Valley, Manchester Metropolitan, West of England)
The less happy trends British universities are faced with:
是否英文1. A reduction in staff numbers
2. A reduction in rearch funding from the government
3. A declining share of top-level rearch output
4. The u of a Rearch Asssment Exerci (RAE) by which the work of every university rearcher is assd in order to decide how much government funding universities will receive
5. A deterioration in the quality of buildings and other facilities
6. A brain drain as academics have left to work overas
The Welfare State
There have been elements of a welfare system in place since the 16th century.
1942 comprehensive welfare system
A welfare state is a system of government-run organizations that help everyone to have a good quality of life by providing a safety net of provisions to ensure people?s welfare (well-being).
Welfare state aims to offer its citizens: A life with certain specified standards of living which it considers reasonable and possible for all, and protection against the unexpected hazards of life.
Health
The NHS Act (NHS, National Health Service) became law in 1946 but did not come into effect until 1948. There existed great opposition from doctors who feared the loss of their private practices. The government compromid and allowed consultants to continue their practices on a part-time basis.
The two health trends which are caus for incread concern:
1. Britain has one of the most rious drug problems in Europe.
2. Britain is witnessing the emergence of a public health problem that until recently has mainly been associated with the United States: The rising incidence of obesity.
NHS: The core of British …welfare state?: All rvices are free of charge;Services are provided on the basis of need instead of the ability to pay;General Practitioner (GP); …waiting list?.
雅思培训机构哪个比较好Media
Basic Principles for Broadcasting: Impartial and neutral in dealing with social and political affairs; Entertaining, informing and educating the nation.
The five so-called “quality papers”: The Times, Telegraph, Independent, Guardian, Financial Times (all read predominantly by higher socio-economic class)
The “qualities” provide a broader range of news and comments, veral with a particular political or social bias.
The five mass circulation tabloids: The Daily Mail, the Daily Express (read mainl y by the middle class), the Sun, the Daily Mirror, the Daily Star (read mainly by th e working class)
The tabloids tend to be more openly partisan and to offer an often simplified and exaggerated picture of politics.
