语用学名词解释
Syntax句法学: syntax is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms,how they are arranged in quence,and which quences are well-formed.
Semantics语义学:mantics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and entities in the world;that is,how words literally connect to things.
Discour analysis话语分析：is a general term for a number of approaches to analyzing written, spoken, signed language u or any significant miotic event.
The objects of discour analysis—discour, writing, talk, conversation, communicative event, etc.—are variously d efined in terms of coherent quences of ntences, propositions, speech acts or turns-at-talk.
Different Cultural Assumptions差异文化假设: It refer to the fact that even though peopl e in situations such as we study agree on the overall purpo of the interaction, there are often radical differences as to what expectations and rights are involved at any one time.
Cross-cultural pragmatic failure跨文化语用错误:It includes pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic failure.
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Face面子:means the public lf-image of a person. it refers to that emotional and social n of lf that everyone has and expects everyone el to recognize.
职业培训学校Politeness礼貌: means that someone shows awareness of another person's face.hard是什么意思
face wants面子需求: within social interactions, people generally behave as if there expectations concerning their public lf-image
Deixis指示: A technical term for one of the most basic things we d o with utterances. It means “pointing” via language. It is a form of referring that is tied to the speaker’s context, with the most basic distinction being “near speaker” versus “away form speaker”.
Honorifics尊称:They are the expressions which are ud to indicate higher status.
nutritionalproximal terms近指: The terms mean “near the speaker”, which are interpreted in terms of the speaker’s l ocation, or the deictic center.
T/V distinction亲疏区别: A well-known social contrast encoded within person deixis is the distinction between forms ud for a familiar addre in some language. It’s from French forms “tu”(familiar) and “vous”(non-familiar), and coul d be found in many languages.
whispersDeictic projection指示投影：speakers em to be able to project themlves into other locations prior to actually being in tho location.
Solidarity strategy团结策略: The tendency to u positive politeness forms, emphasizing cloness between speaker and hearer, can be en as a solidarity strategy.
Deference strategy顺从策略: The tendency to u negative politeness forms, emphasizing the hearer's right to freedom can be en as a deference strategy.
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Quality 质量:Try to make your contribution one that is true.
Implicature蕴义: An additional conveyed meaning.
Generalized conversational implicature一般会话含义: When no special knowledge is required in the context to cal culate the additional conveyed meaning, it is called generalized conversational implicature.
Reference引用: an act in which a speaker , or writer , us linguistic forms to enable a listener , or reader, to identify something. It is clearly tied to the speake r’s goals and the speaker’s beliefs in the u of language.
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Zero anaphora零形回指: it is also called ellipsis. When the interpretation requires us to identify an entity, and no linguistic expression is prent,it is call ed zero anaphora. The u of zero anaphora as a means of maintaining reference clearly creates an expectation thar the listener will be able to infer who or what the speaker intends to id entify . it is also another obvious ca of more being communicated than is said.
Referring expressions指词: can be proper nouns ,noun phras which are d efinite , or indefinite , and pronouns . the choice of one type of referring expression is bad on what the speaker assumes the listener already knows .
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Attributabl e silence: If one speaker actually turns over the floor to another and the other does not speak, then the sil ence is attributed to the cond speaker and becomes significant.
Overlap重叠：Both speakers try to speak at the same time.
High consid erateness styl e高体贴风格: Speakers u a sl ower rate, expect l onger paus between turns, do not overlap, and avoid interruption or completion of the other’s turn.
Backchannel signals反馈信号: The most common vocal signal to indicate the conversation partners are listening.
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positiveTurn-taking话轮: In any situation where control is not fixed in advance, anyone can attempt to get control.
TRP转换关联位置: Transition Relevance Place. Any possible change in who has the turn.
