Selection and Extension of Word Meaning I. Teaching Contents: 1. Review 2. Introduction to the techniques of translation 3. Selection of word meaning 4. Extension of word meaning 5. Assignments 6. References for further reading II. Teaching Aims: To make students know about the techniques of translation and especially to grasp the lection and extension of word meaning through practice III. Teaching Focus: The lection and extension of word meaning VI. Teaching Procedures: Step One: Review 1. Translation and equivalence 2. Translation method 3. Translation process and principles 4. Translation factors and treason 5. Translation theory and techniques Step Two: Introduction to the techniques of Translation Techniques of translation refer to the experience that people have accumulated in their practice of translation. They include lots of skills in translation, such as lection of word meaning, extension of word meaning, conversion of parts of speeches and ntence structures, long ntence translation, paragraph and passage translation, translation of articles of different kinds of styles, etc. Speaking of translation techniques, we differ from tho who tend to ignore them, or dismiss them lightly as something inconquential. On the other hand, we also differ from tho who tend to exaggerate the importance of “translation techniques” or to look upon them as “panacea”(万应药) translation techniques alone cannot guarantee faithfulness and smoother rendition---we may make u of them, but should not rely completely on them. Generally speaking, the basic translation techniques that merit our attention and are to be applied in English-Chine and Chine-English translation include the following: conversion, diction, inversion, omission, amplification, repetition, negation division, etc. Let’s look at them in detail. Step Three Selection of Word Meanings(词义的选择) 英语中一词多义的现象比较普遍。翻译时，要在许多不同的词义中选一个最确切的词义，才能使译文正确。词义选择一般从以下几个方面入手： 1. Select word meanings according to parts of speeches. (根据词类选择词义) 1) Microprocessors monitor tyre wear and brake power on cars. (v.) 微机检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。 2)The patient was connected to a television wave monitor. (n.) 病人情况通过波形监视器监视。 3) He likes making chemical experiments. (v.) 他喜欢做化学实验。 4)Like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract. (adj.) 同性电荷相斥，异性电荷相吸。 5) Like the human brain, a computer also has a memory where it can store vast quantities of information. (prep.) 计算机像人脑一样， 也有一个能储存大量信息的存储器。 6) I hope I can operate the machine like you do. (conj.) 我希望能像你一样操纵机器。 7) All matters such as iron, water, air, and the like are made up of atoms. (conj.) 一切物质，例如铁、水、空气等，都是由原子构成的。 8) Like enough, the ship will arrive in port. (ad.) 这艘船很可能明天进港。 2. Select the word meanings according to the context. (根据上下文选择词义) 1) The country’s industry has developed quickly in the last decade. 过去10年我国工业发展迅猛。 2) To develop the instrument, many experts were invited. 为了研制这种仪器请了很多专家。 3) In developing the design, the engineer must apply his knowledge of engineering and material science. 在进行设计时，工程师必须运用工程学和材料学方面的知识。 4) In order to develop our power industry, we must produce more and pore powerful generators. 为了发展我国的电力工业， 我们必须生产越来越多的大功率发电机。 5) Instruments capable of measuring most kinds of error automatically and methods of feeding the information back to the machines’ controls have been developed. 能自动测量多种误差的仪器， 以及把信息反馈给机器控制机构的方法已经研制出来了。 6) He is the last man to come. 他是最后来的。 7) He is the last man to do it. 他决不会干这种事。 8) He is the last person for such a job. 他最不配干这工作。 9) He should be the last (man) to blame. 怎么也不该怪他。 10) He is the last man to consult. 根本不宜与他商量。 11) This is the last place where I expected to meet you. 我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。 3. Select the word meanings according to speciality. (根据专业选择词义) 1) Power can be transmitted over a long distance. 电力可以远距离输送。 2) China will not be the first to u nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers. 尽管中国是核大国， 但中国决不会首先使用核武器。 3) 16 is the four power of 2. (27 is the third power of 3.) 16是2的4次方。 （27是3的3次幂。） 4) What is the power of the engine? 这台电机的功率是多少？ 4. Select the word meanings according to collocation. (根据搭配选择词义) 1) high beam 远距离光束 2) high brass 优质黄铜 3) high current 强电流 4) high explosive 烈性炸药 5) high gear 高速齿轮 6) high as 公海 7) high summer 盛夏 8)high steel 硬钢 9) To wetake off her boots or to put them on was an agony to her, but it had been an agony for years. 脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦， 但是这已是多年以来的痛苦了。 10) He always sits on the very edge of his chair when he is working, as though about to take off. 他工作时总是坐在椅子边上，好像随时都会跳起来的样子。 11) Every material takes up space. 一切物质都占有空间。 12)The electronic computers are taking over some of the tasks that were once accomplished by our own brains, but they are not replacing us. 计算机正在接替原来由人脑进行的某些工作，但是它们不能代替人。 Step Four: Extension of word meanings (词义的引伸) 在翻译中人们常会遇到一些词或短语，无法直接搬用辞典中的释义。如果照搬，不但能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时要根据上下文的联系及其逻辑关系对词义加引伸。词义的引伸常有以下几种情况: 1、抽象词语具体化 英语中常用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。例如: 1) Public opinion demands that something should be done to end the strike. 众舆论要求采取措施结束罢工。 2) The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I misd the green. 我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。 2、 具体词语抽象化 在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性，一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般可将其词义作为抽象化的引伸，译文才能流畅、自然。例如: 1) The character of the people is a mixture of the tiger and the ape. 帝国主义者的性格即残暴，又狡猾。 2) Everyone has rain and sunshine (ros and thorns) in their life. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。 3. 改换说法 在翻译时，在译清原文的确切含义的基础上，按译语的搭配习惯，选择恰当的译语词汇对原文加以引申，并可以改变原文的结构和句式，译文只要忠实原文、通顺流畅即可。例如: 1) During the first part of his life, Lincoln was a storekeeper and postmaster. 林肯早年当过店主和邮政局长。 2) A network of highways was built from coast to coast. 横跨大陆建筑了一个公路网。 3) He found that the mercury column measured the predicted height. 他发现水银柱达到了预期的高度。 4) Jets are a new development in aviation. 喷气式飞机是航空事业上的一个新成就。 5)The shortest distance between raw material and a finished part is casting. 死译：原材料与成品之间最短的距离是铸造。 引伸译：铸造是原材料加工成成品的最简便方法。 6) The alternating current does not know such a disadvantage as the direct current does. 死译：交流电不知道直流电的这种缺点。 引伸：交流电不存在直流电的这种缺点。 7) If iron is kept moist, rusting is rapid, which might lead us to think that water was the influence causing the corrosion. 死译：如果保持潮湿，生锈就快，这可能使我们以为水是引起腐独的英汉互译在线翻译影响。 引伸：如果保持潮湿，生锈就快，这可能使我们以为水是引起腐独的原因。 8) A creative person will almost never follow a t pattern in developing an idea. To do so would tend to structure his thinking and might limit the creation of possible solutions. 死译：一个有创造性的人在形成一种想法时，决不会按照一种固定不变的方式行事。这样就会构选于限制创造出可能的解决方案。 引伸：一个有创造性的人在形成一种想法时，决不会按照一种固定不变的方式行事。这样就会束缚他的思想，妨碍他找出各种解决方案。 4.词义的褒贬 在将英语译成汉语的过程中，我们必须忠实于原文的思想内容。作者的立场观点、语气、语调在语言上都会有所体现，在译成汉语时我们必须做出合适的传达。对于原文中本身就含有褒贬意义的，我们就应该把褒贬意义表达出来，而对于那些本身似为中性的词汇，我们必须根据上下文判断其褒贬而做出适应的表达。例如： 1) John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well. 约翰是个积极肯干的推销员，他工作干得很出色。（褒义） 2) Hitler pursued an aggressive policy after he ized power. 希特勒夺取了政权之后就推行侵略政策。（贬义） 3) Hans was too obviously flattering the gentleman by saying he was the most courageous man he had ever en. 汉斯说，这位先生是他所见过的最有胆识的人。这种阿谀奉承未免过于露骨。（贬义） contagious4) Mr. Brown felt greatly flattered when he received the invitation to deliver a lecture. 布朗先生接到作演讲的邀请时感到非常荣幸。（褒义） 5) It must have been this obvious aimlessness that led to my downfall.（跨台--贬义） 现在看来，一定是这种明显的毫无目的的游逛使我倒了霉。（贬义） 6) I thus appeared to them to be quite familiar with this sort of situation, and it confirmed them in their belief that I was a thoroughly disreputable character. 这样一来，在他们眼里，我就像是非常熟悉这一套了，也使他们更加确信我是一个地地道道的坏蛋。（贬义） 7) I am a highly successful student with a brilliant academic record. 我是一个学业出众的高材生。（褒义） 8) He was Kerry Rudman, 33, and no stranger to trouble. 他叫克里.拉德曼，33岁，惹事生非已不是一次了。（贬义） 9) Paula didn’t need any lessons when it comes to office politics. 说到办公室里明争暗斗的那一套，波拉可算是无师自通。（贬义） 10) He was a man of high renown. 他是位有名望的人。（褒义） 11) His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death. 他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。（贬义） 12) We were shocked by his coar manners. give in to me 我们对他的粗暴态度感到震惊。（贬义） Step Five Assignments 1. Put the following into Chine: 1) regular reading 一般阅读 regular flights 定期航班 regular job 固定工作 regular visitor 常客 regular speed 均速 regular gasoline 普通汽油 regular verb 规则动词 regular army 正规军 2) The days are past when we ud foreign oil. 使用洋油的日子已经一去不复返了。 There was no question that Benz had a respectable past. 毫无疑问奔弛有着辉煌的过去。 The warm Japane Current flows past the coast. 日本暖流流过海岸。 mike jackson Tom walked past without noticing her. 汤姆走过去， 没有注意到他。 3) He cuts his finger on the broken glass. 碎玻璃划破了他的手指。 A brook cuts that field. 一条小溪流过田野。 The cold wind cuts me to the bone.寒风刺骨。 4) In ancient times China made great discoveries.古代中国有伟大发现。 There are times when I didn’t know what to do. 有时候我不知道做什么。 5) Tom offered to treat us to dinner. 汤姆主动请我们吃饭。 I was treated like a member of the family. 就像家人一样待我。 This is my treat. I’ll pay. 这次我请客， 我付钱。 The boss treats the workers like dirt. 老板对工人很刻薄。 （不把工人当人看。把工人看的一钱不值。） Her son’s visits are a great treat for her. 她儿子来看她对他来说是最愉快的事（最大的安慰）。 6)There was no provocation for such an angry letter. 写这样一封生气的信简直是毫无道理。 7) Fatty’s Restaurant had become an institution in his life in the last ven years. 去发体餐厅就餐，七年来已成了他生活中惯常的事情。 8)The trunk was big and awkward and loaded with books. But his ca was a different proposition. 那个箱子又大又笨重，装的都是书；不过她随身带的箱子却是另一回事。 9) The wedding, which Heyward still remembered with pride, was attended by a 功夫熊猫3百度网盘Who’s Who of Boston Society.（社团领袖，有影响的人物名人）。 参加婚礼的有波士顿的名流，赫华德想到这次婚礼时，仍然感到非常得意。 10) The invention of machinery had brought into the world a new era ---- the Industrial Age. Money had become King. 机器的发明使世界进入一个新纪元，即工业时代，金钱成了主宰一切的权威。 11) The leader spoke in prai of tho who had died for their countries. 领袖赞扬了那些为国捐躯的人。 12) Tom always boasts about his past. 汤姆总是吹嘘自己的过去。 13) Parents are always ambitious for their children. 父母们总是对儿女有热切的期望。(家长们总是望子成龙。) 14) At that time no one watched out for Hitler’s ambition. 那时没有人对希特勒的野心加以警惕。 15)The burning questions of my childhood had been richly answered. 我自幼就渴望弄清楚的问题如今有了完美的答案。 2. Put the following passage into English, paying attention to the underlined parts. Why I Hate Dogs Joel Stein I love children, flowers and touched by an angel. I once even nt cards to my grandmothers for that fake（假的） Grandparents Day holiday. That’s not going to happen again. But no matter how much I want to be a normal, manly, over consuming（大手大脚消费的） American, I can’t get mylf to like dogs. I don’t want to hate dogs. But I just can’t imagine sharing my apartment with some dirty, dependent animal willing to trade unconditional love for canned food that（这种动物愿意用无条件的爱换取一点点罐头食品）, to be honest, I find a little salty（粗俗）. How can people love something so much that they are willing to walk behind it and retrieve（捡） its feces with their own hands every day? I have yet to meet a woman for whom I’d do that. （我还没有遇到过能让我喜欢得为她捡屎的女人呢。） Dog owners are a mystery to me. I once went on a long ries of nonproductive dates（进行过一系列的约会） with one, and every time we were about to fool around（卿卿我我） she would have to leave to go home and walk her dog. Hey, wait. I think I just figured out something. 我现在搞懂是怎么回事了。原来是她不想跟我亲热。（这里采用增词、句译法， 以使读者透彻理解愿意。） They nd their pets to dog salons and dog psychologists（心理诊所）, who（那里的够精神病医生） prescribe them dog antidepressants（狗用的抗忧郁症药物）. June 25 is the first Take Your Dog to Work Day（带狗上班日）. June 26 is Why Does This Office Smell Bad? Day（办公室怎么这这么臭日）. While the homeless go ignored（在美国尽管有很多人流离失所、无人关心）, almost 28.5 million Americans bought their dogs Christmas prents last year. A woman I know throws her dogs a Bar Mitzvah every year.(我认识册一个妇人每年都给她的狗们举行类似犹太男孩承认仪式。) That’s not even correct on a religious level.（即使是从宗教的角度来看也是不正确的） People knit their dogs things. Now I’ve never knitted anything, but it looks like a pretty rious endeavor. If getting married meant knitting something instead of buying a ring, there would be even more out-of –wedlock births.（会出现更多的婚外生育。本句有两层意思：一层是如果光为未婚夫编织衣服而不是互赠戒指， 那么很多人可能会同居而不结婚；因而非婚生的孩子就会很多。第二层意思是讽刺和暗指人与狗的不正常的性关系。） Dog owners; plea don’t buy that leash-on-a-reel（带卷轴的牵狗皮带） thing that takes up 40ft. of sidewalk. Save yourlf some money: let your dog run free and u a large stick to trip people with instead. And why do you get offended（生气） when I refer to your dog as “it”（我把你的狗说成是无性别区分的它的时候你干嘛要生气？）? Was it suppod to be checking out its genitals the whole time?（难道我总要检查一下它的生殖器吗？） Or am I just suppod to get some kind of feminine vibe（摇动，这里指气质） from your bulldog’s strut（高视阔步，趾高气扬）? No, I wasn’t bitten by a dog as a kid or raid by cats. It’s just that dogs frighten me and kind of gross me out（使我作呕， 使我觉得粗俗）. Last week Mexico City, upon which dogs drop around 120,000 tons of feces a year, appealed to owners to clean up after their dogs becau it was causing major health problems. Plus, dogs are the only animals I know of that are xually interested in breeds 500 times smaller than them.（狗也是我所知道的唯一对比他们体积小500倍的狗仔赶“性”趣的动物。） They’re wor than frat boys. （它们比美国大学生兄弟联谊会的男孩还要坏，这些小子是以酒后乱交而臭名昭著的。） I decided that I’m no longer going to remain a victim of my fears. The New York City parks department, which claims dogs do $250,000 worth of damage each year to park lawns in Manhattan, is going to hand out cell phones to volunteers willing to turn in owners of unleashed dogs. Parks Commissioner Henry J. Stern told me that he would put me on the list for a phone but that the program hadn’t been started yet becau he was waiting for a cell phone company to give him some cond-hand ones. I was going to tell him just to wait for a leash company to get rid of some old leashes, (我本打算告诉他，这简直就等于等着卖钱狗皮带的公司淘汰旧的牵狗皮带一样的没门，) but I really wanted the phone. I’m not even planning on using it to tattle(泄露别人的秘密). Whenever I e a dog owner, I’m going to talk loudly and obnoxiously（令人讨厌地） about how I just bought a cell phone and this is my first call. It’s a dog-eat-dog world. （我就要大声地、令人讨厌的大谈我是怎么从公园负责人那里刚刚弄到手机的，而且这还是我用这个手机打的第一个电话。这可是个“狗吃狗”的世界！） Notes: 1) touched by an angel《天使的触摸》是近年来美国播映的一套电视节目。在这个节目里，上帝派来的天使到人间来帮助生活处于困境的人。用在这里指狗显然是一种反语：狗不是来帮忙的天使而是来添乱的。 2) dirty, dependent: 译为“脏兮兮、懒兮兮”以接近原文语气， 而且也照顾到了音和形的近似。 3) I have yet to meet a woman for whom I’d do that: I know no woman who ‘crap（废物）’ I would take. 我还没有遇到过能让我喜欢得为她捡屎的女人呢。 4) to fool around: 卿卿我我，亲热。 好看的英文5) 此处译为：每一次要跟她亲热，她总是要走人，说要回家溜狗去。这里加了一个说字，借以强调女人找借口的情景， 也不偏离原文。 6) I think I just figured out something. 我现在搞懂是怎么回事了。 （原来是她不想跟我亲热。） 笔友用英语怎么说7) u a large stick to trip people with instead: 译文采用了原文的言下之意： 你就别用这种皮带来把行人绊倒吧，干脆用大棒算了。 8) to get some kind of feminine vibe from your bulldog’s strut: 从你那叭儿狗的趾高气扬的步伐看出某种女性的气质来? 9) I am not even planning on using it to tattle. 我甚至就不打算用这个手机来打小报告。言下之意：只要搞到手就行了。 10) dog-eat-dog: 狗吃狗的世界。这里作者是想说：别以为你养了一条狗就了不起了，我可以用手机打你的小报告，咋了，这可是狗吃狗的世界。 参考译文: 我 干 吗拉沙德 刘易斯 讨 厌 狗 乔尔.斯特恩 著 我喜欢孩子，喜欢花朵，喜欢天使的触摸。为了那个假惺惺的“祖父母日”的节日，我还给我的姥姥和奶奶寄过贺卡呢。我也后再也干这种事了。然而，无论我多么想成为一个正常的、充满阳刚之气的、大手大脚消费的美国人，我怎么也喜欢不起狗来。我并不是想讨厌狗，可我就是不能想象跟某种脏兮兮的，懒兮兮的动物同居一室。这种动物愿意用无条件的爱来换取一点点罐头食品，这一点，说实话，我觉得有点粗俗。人怎么能把某个东西喜欢到如此程度，以至于愿意每天都跟在它屁股后面用自己得手去捡它拉出来的屎？我还没遇到过能让我喜欢的为她捡屎的女人呢。 那些狗的主人对我来说是个百思不得其解的谜。我曾经跟一个养了条狗的女人进行过一系列的约会，但多未能取得我预期效果，每一次要跟她亲热，他总是要走人，说是要回家遛狗去！喂，等等，我现在搞懂这是咋回事了：原来她不想跟我亲热啊！ 这些主人把宠物送到狗沙龙和狗心理诊所去，那里的狗精神病医生给就给狗开些狗用的抗忧郁症的药物。六月二十五日是第一个“带狗上班日”。六月二十六日就成了“‘办公室怎么这么臭？’日”了。在美国，尽管还有许多人流离失所无人关心，而仅去年就有近2850万人在圣诞节给他们的购买圣诞礼物。我认识的一个妇人每年都给她的狗们举行类似犹太男孩成人仪式．即使是从宗教的角度来看这也是不正确的。人们还为他们的狗织衣服。我可从来没有织过什么东西。不过，编织似乎是件很严肃而费劲的事。如果结婚意味着织衣服，而不是买只戒指，那么就会出现更多的婚外生育。 狗的主人们，请别买那种带卷轴的牵狗皮带。这种皮带要占上近40英尺长的人行道。给自己省点钱吧，你就别用这种皮带来把行人绊倒吧，干脆用大棒算了。我把你的狗说成无性别区分的“它”的时候你干吗要生气？难道我还得从你那叭儿狗的趾高气扬的步伐中看出某种女性的气质来吗？ 不，从小时候我从没被狗咬过，我也不是被猫养大的。只是狗让我害怕而且有点让我作呕。在墨西哥城，狗每年都要给她拉上约120，000吨的粪便。上个星期，这个城市呼吁狗的主人在狗便后要打扫干净，因为狗的粪便正在引起严重的健康问题。另外，狗也是我所知道的唯一对它们体积小500倍的狗仔感“性”趣的动物。它们比美国大学生兄弟联谊会的男孩还要坏，这些小子是以酒后乱交而臭名昭著的。 我决定，我再也不做自己的恐惧的受害者了。纽约市的公园管理部宣称，狗对曼哈顿的公园草坪造成的破坏每年达250，000美元之多。这个部门准备给主动举报不给狗系皮带的主人的人发手机。公园负责人亨利。斯特恩告诉我，他愿意把我的名字记在那个发手机的名单上，只是这个计划还没有启动，因为它正等待着一家手机公司给他一些用过的手机。我本打算告诉他，这简直就等于等着卖钱狗皮带的公司淘汰旧的牵狗皮带一样的没门，可我又的确很想要那个手机，所以就没有把这个想法告诉他。我甚至就不打算用这个手机来打小报告。一见到狗的主人，我就要大声地、令人讨厌的大谈我是怎么从公园负责人那里刚刚弄到手机的，而且这还是我用这个手机打的第一个电话。这可是个“狗吃狗”的世界！ Step Six Reference Books 1. 陈秋劲编著. 英汉互译理论与实践（第一版）. 湖北：武汉大学出版社，2005. 2. 范仲英编著. 实用翻译教程（第一版）. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2005. 3. 郝丽萍等编著. 实用英汉翻译理论与实践（第一版）. 北京：机械工业出版社，2006. 4. 叶子南著. 高级英汉翻译理论与实践（第一版）. 北京：清华大学出版社，2001. Step Seven :Feedback ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ . ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ . ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ . ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ | 教法提示 ppt. aided explanation and enlightenment 教法提示 ppt. aided ppt. aided 教法提示 enlightening discussion group work 教法提示 enlightening discussion 教法提示 Discussion ppt. aided 教法提示 Hand in perspective hand in 教法提示 Hand in 教法提示 Comment on them next time. 教法提示 Do homework on pieces of paper 教法提示 Students should read more after class rearch on the students’ assignments for problems and solutions |
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