Honesty, Integrity and Confidentiality
• Harris, et. al, Engineering Ethics-Concepts and Cas, Ch. 6, “Honesty, Integrity and Reliability”. • Recommended reading: “B.F. Goodrich Air Force A7-D Brake Problem Ca and The Whistleblowing Debate, a ca on the CD accompanying the above textbook.”
ENGR 482 ETHICS and ENGINEERING
From the Codes of Ethics: the
be “…objective ” be “honest and realistic in stating claims…” “... offer honest criticism…” be “…honest and impartial…” be “…objective and truthful…” participate in “…none but honest enterpri…” “...avoid deceptive acts…”
How honest should we be!
Professionally – very honest! Except for confidentiality and rules for non-criticism in codes of ethics
Telling the truth
The Text states” The requirement for total honesty with each other would be difficult to tolerate!” “Paint a portrait – loo a friend” The Pope says” A good administrator es everything, forgives a lot and corrects a little
Honesty
A society in which people are totally honest with each other would be difficult to tolerate The requirement of total honesty would mean that people would have to be brutally frank with one another about their opinions and be unable to exerci the sort of tact and reticence that we associate with polite and civilized society Fraternity knockers roll call - “Vicious”
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Telling the Truth
In court oath– “Do you swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth”
Ways of misusing the truth 1. Lying
Not every falhood is a lie – Most people believe lies have three elements
A lie ordinarily involves something that is believed to be fal or misleading. A lie is ordinarily stated in words A lie is made with the intention of deceiving
Ways of misusing the truth
2. Deliberate deception ? Responding to inappropriate questions – Who has the right to ask the questions? -”None To Speak of!” -NOYB or NOYDB- None of your “DAMN” business!
Ways of misusing the truth
3. Withholding information 4. Failing to adequately promote the dismination of information
Ways of misusing the truth
5. Failure to ek out the truth 6. Revealing confidential or proprietary information 7. Allowing ones judgment to be corrupted – by conflict of interest or other extraneous influences
How Important Is “Honesty” to Industry?
Ethics Officers Association (EOA) Currently 354 Total EOA Members
from Fortune 500 list of companies $1,000/year membership dues
148 Engineering Firms
CEO’s actively involved
Reflects reality of the business world
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Business Ethics Policy and Agreement for Domestic Consultants by Company X:
When acting on behalf of X, Consultant and its employees and agents shall comply with all applicable legal requirements and the highest ethical standards of the United States and each foreign country in which business is conducted. No payment on behalf of X shall be approved without adequate supporting documentation, or made with the intention or understanding that any part of such payment is to be ud for any purpo other than that described by the documents supporting the payment.
Sample Ethics Policy (cont’d)
It is X's policy to comply fully with all applicable laws and governmental rules and regulations, and to conduct its business honorably and with due regard to ethics and propriety, as well as law. Accordingly, the Company desires not only to avoid actual impropriety, but also the appearance of impropriety. X's relationship with all governmental agencies and their officials and personnel in the United States and in each foreign country in which business is conducted shall be, in all respects, such that public disclosure of full details thereof will not impugn or jeopardize X's integrity or reputation.
outlinesSample ethics policy (cont’d.)
It is the policy of X to report to the proper authorities any corroborated instance where a federal, state or local public official attempts to obtain money or property from X by the wrongful u of his official position or as a condition to perform certain duties he is normally obligated to perform. All such incidents should be immediately reported in full detail to the appropriate X official. Under no circumstances may Consultant agree on behalf of X to any extortion or solicitation of a bribe or kickback.
Sample Ethics Policy (cont’d)
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Consultant may not pay or give anything of value to any public official that could be construed as consideration to influence the official in his action, vote or discharge of duties in any public or official capacity. The primary emphasis of the prohibition relates to promising to pay, paying or causing to be paid, either directly or indirectly, anything of value to an official with the intent and in order to influence him concerning the outcome of a public matter prently before him which directly and immediately affects X. The foregoing prohibition applies to the u of corporate as well as personal funds and asts. It also applies to indirect contributions or payments made in any form, such as tho made through consultants, advisors, suppliers, customers or other third parties.
Sample Ethics Policy (cont’d)
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• Consultant, while acting on behalf of X, is
Sample Ethics Policy (cont’d.)
No payment or transfer of anything of value shall be made to any agent or employee of a competitor, customer or supplier with the intent of influencing the recipient to cau his employer to take any action, or omit to take any action, when such gift or transfer is undisclod to his employer, or otherwi would be considered by Consultant to be unlawful or inappropriate.
strictly forbidden from making any payment of money or giving anything of value to any public official, or to any other person whom the Consultant knows, or has reason to believe, will pass on all or part of such payment or thing of value to a public official. • Consultant, while acting on behalf of X, shall not enter into any transactions with a government official or employee to perform any rvices, including consulting rvices, related, in any way, to any matter within the scope of his official duties or the duties and responsibilities of the governmental body of which he is an official, or by which he is employed.
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Honesty in Rearch Issues
Plagiarism --u of another’s intellectual property without permission or credit. Generally…
Short quotes with attribution—OK Long passages without attribution—not OK
Honesty in Rearch (cont’d.)
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Honesty in rearch (cont’d.)
Cooking -disregarding data points that do not fit the theory
Integrity in Rearch-the A-7D Brake Certification Ca
In 1967 B. F. Goodrich won a contract to develop brakes for the A-7D aircraft, proposing to u their lightweight, newly developed but unproven 4-rotor braking system. The contract required that the brakes pass a ries of 50-stop qualification tests. In-hou bench tests indicated the brakes would not pass the required 50-stop tests, but the test engineers were directed to nur the brakes through the tests to completion, with the help of cooling fans.
烦躁怎么办A-7D Brake Certification Ca (cont’d)
绯闻女孩第六季Despite repeated problems with bench test results, Goodrich engineer Vandivier is directed to write report Q-6031 certifying that the brake has pasd the simulated 50stop tests. Vandivier objects, but is told that it is “not lying”, just a ca of “engineering rationalization or judgement”. Goodrich submits report Q-6031 certifying that the brake pasd the bench tests.
A-7D Brake Certification Ca (cont’d)
Flight testing begins, and veral incidents related to poor braking are noted by test pilots. Vandivier
hires an attorney, and meets with FBI. USAF rais questions about the brake certification report Q-6031. Vandivier writes letter of resignation citing misconduct by Goodrich. He is dismisd immediately. Sen. Proxmire holds hearings on the scandal. G di h t t fit i db k
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A-7D Brake Certification Ca Questions Raid:
Was report Q-6031 a “lie”? (Is this a factual, application, or conceptual question?) Did Vandivier’s actions constitute whistleblowing? If so, was Vandivier justified in whistleblowing? What could have been done differently so that this incident might have had a better ending? Note: Unknown to Vandiver, Goodrich had another team preparing a 5-rotor design for the A-7D.
Confidentiality
Client-Professional Confidentiality
Medicine--A patient has a right to expect that his/her medical records will not be relead without permission. Law--A client has a right to expect that his legal situation will be kept private. Engineering--?
Two Forms of Abu of ClientProfessional Confidentiality
Breaking confidentiality without justification. Refusing to break confidentiality when a higher obligation to the public warrants it.
Abu of Client-Professional Confidentiality
Note a difference between the interpretation of client-professional confidentiality in the ca of medicine and engineering. A physician cannot relea an AIDS diagnosis to anyone but the individual in question, even though he/she may put others at risk. Exceptions are very rare. Sometimes an engineer must violate clientprofessional confidentiality in the interests of protecting the public, becau the violation of personal privacy is usually not as great, and the potential for public harm is often greater.
Abu of Client-Professional Confidentiality
It appears that the RP approach gives the “correct” analysis of to the ClientProfessional relationship between physicians and patients, but fails in the analysis of the relationship between engineers and clients. Converly, the Utilitarian approach could fail in an analysis of the physician/patient relationship.
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Client-Professional Confidentiality
In the Citicorp ca, William LeMessurier realized that a design error, compounded with a construction change, had impod an unacceptable risk on the public around the Citicorp building. He first contacted the owner, his client, and got their cooperation to put a fix in place. What should he have done if the owner had declined to cooperate?
Expert Witness
Engineers are often hired in legal cas requiring technical knowledge (ie., accidents, structural defects, patent infringements, defective products) For example, in a ca involving a defective product, the expert witness must show:
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defect is recognizable defect could have been corrected correction is affordable and does not compromi the product’s function
Rules for Expert Witness
Rerve adequate time to prepare ca Explain technical details to lawyer (client)
Determine your opinion, advi your client, and be prepared to defend it.
Honesty and Failure to Inform Public
• Failure to pass critical information to decision makers
Be open to new information Testify honestly (same for plaintiff as for defendant) Be objective, unbiad, and even tempered安全管理目标
Honesty sometimes requires public disclosure of problems
DC-10 cargo hatch ca: Convair didn’t pass their concerns along (to McDonnellDouglas) Result: loss of plane with 346 deaths. Citicorp ca: LeMessurier did pass his concerns along (to client). Result: catastrophe averted. Challenger ca: Thiokol did not pass all information along (to NASA). Result: loss of Challenger and crew.
Ca: DC-10
In 1972, McDonnell Douglas subcontracted Convair to design and build a cargo door latch for the DC-10. A pressure test caud the cargo door to blow out, buckling the pasnger floor, and verin
g critical hydraulic and electrical lines. After modifications, the design was still faulty. An emergency landing was required in Detroit; no injuries resulted. Dan Applegate, a Convair engineer, informed his managers about the design flaws, but they suppresd the information to avoid financial penalties and litigation. In Paris in 1974, just as Applegate had predicted, a cargo hatch blew open killing 346 people.
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