Hofstadter Five Dimensions of Culture
The different social customs, styles of dress, attitudes towards time, tolerance for conflict, etc.， are only the tip of the cultural iceberg。 Underlying 潜在的what might appear to be idiosyncrasies特质个性 in behavior are a number of fundamental values that shape the way members of a culture think, feel， and act. We need to know how and why people from different backgrounds behave as they do， and we need to have ideas of how we can adapt to improving the quality of our communication with international business people。
The most influencial cross—cultural theory is Hofstede’s five dimensions of culture
1.Individualism IDV
2.Power distance index 指数 PDI
3.Masculinity 男子气概 MAS
four points4.Uncertainty avoidance index UAI
音乐的英文单词5.Long-term orientation方向 LTO
1. Individualism versus与 对抗 Collectivism集体主义
Individualism （IDV） focus on the degree the society reinforces 加强individual or collective achievement and interpersonal人际关系 relationships.
英文原版书购买1） A High Individualism ranking indicates表明 that individuality and individual rights are paramount主要的至高无上的 within the society。 Individuals in the societies may tend to form a larger number of loor relationships. Members in this culture are inclined倾向于 to put their own interests and tho of their immediate family ahead of social concerns。 Its members are offered a great deal of freedom， the belief being that this freedom makes it possible for each person to achieve personal success。
2)A Low Individualism （Collectivism） ranking typifies societies of a more collectivist nature with clo ties between individuals。 The cultures reinforce extended families and collectives where everyone takes responsibility for fellow members of their group.
Its members are expected to believe that the welfare of the organization is as important as their own。 This collectivist culture has tight social framework框架结构 in which members of a group feel primary loyalty忠诚 toward one another and the group to which they belong。 Japan， like most East Asian cultures， is highly collective。 This orientation 方向is clear at corporate events where employees often sing their company’s anthem, 国歌which is hard to imagine in individualistic cultures like the U.S。 and Canada。 Workers in collectivist cultures are less likely to strive努力 to become organizational “stars"， since that approach would dishonor other members of the team。
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2. Power Distance
Power Distance Index (PDI) focus on the degree of equality， or inequality， between people in the country’s society.
1)A High Power Distance throughoutranking indicates that inequalities of power and wealth have been allowed to grow within the society. The term refers to attitudes toward differences in
女神英文authority. Cultures with high power distance accept the fact that power is distributed unequally, that is， some members have greater resources and influence than others. In the cultures， differences in organizational status and rank are clear—cut。 Employees have a greater of respects for tho in high positions。 The societies are more likely to follow a caste (社会等级) system that does not allow significant upward mobility 流动性of its citizens。
Such countries are: China， Philippines, Mexico， etc.
2）A Low Power Distance ranking indicates the society de-emphasizes the differences between citizen’s power and wealth。 It downplays 淡化differences in power. In countries with low power distance, supervisors and managers may have power， but it is not flaunted（炫耀） or emphasized。 In the societies equality and opportunity for everyone is stresd。
蜘蛛的英文Such countries are： Israel， Denmark, the USA, Austria， etc.
3。 Masculinity versus Femininity女性气质
黄西白宫脱口秀下载Masculinity (MAS） focus on the degree the society reinforces, or does not reinforce， the traditional masculine work role model of male achievement, control， and power.
新动力教育1)A High Masculinity ranking indicates the country experiences a high degree of gender differentiation. In the cultures, males dominate a significant portion of the society and power structure, with females being controlled by male domination。
In Asian countries and Muslim countries, women may find they are omitted省略 from conversation or overlooked in negotiations becau of designated gender 性别roles。 Even a woman outranks a man， she is not treated that way by the people from such cultural background。 They may still speak to and prefer to negotiate 交涉with the male, assuming the male is her superior.上级
2)A Low Masculinity ranking indicates the country has a low level of differentiation and discrimination between genders. In the cultures， females are treated equally to males in all aspects of the society. 英语学习网站大全
Societies with suppodly “masculine” values appreciate aggressiveness 攻击性and asrtiveness 自信while respecting the goal of material acquisition。获得 The more “feminine" cultures value interpersonal relationships, put quality of life before material acquisition and actively express concern for the less fortunate。
