Definition:
美国华盛顿邮报The process of nding and receiving messages without using words, either spoken or written.
Similar to the way that italicizing emphasizes written language, nonverbal behavior may emphasize parts of a verbal message.
The term nonverbal communication was introduced by psychiatrist Jurgen Ruesch and author Weldon Kees in the book Nonverbal Communication: Notes on the Visual Perception of Human Relations, 1956.
∙ Types of Nonverbal Communication
"Judee Burgoon (1994) has identified ven different nonverbal dimensions: (1) kinesics or body movements including facial expressions and eye contact; (2) vocalics or paralanguage that includes volume, rate, pitch, and timbre; (3) personal appearance; (4) our physical environment and the artifacts or objects that compo it; (5) proxemics or pe护照和签证的区别
rsonal space; (6) haptics or touch; and (7) chronemics or time. To this list we would add signs or emblems.
"Signs or emblems include all of tho gestures that supplant words, numbers, and punctuation marks. They may vary from the monosyllabic gesture of a hitchhiker's prominent thumb to such complex systems as the American Sign Language for the deaf where nonverbal signals have a direct verbal translation. However, it should be emphasized that signs and emblems are culture specific. The thumb and forefinger gesture ud to reprent 'A-Okay' in the United States assumes a derogatory and offensive interpretation in some Latin American countries."
(Wallace V. Schmidt et al., Communicating Globally: Intercultural Communication and International Business. Sage, 2007)
∙ How Nonverbal Signals Affect Verbal Discour
"Psychologists Paul Ekman and Wallace Frien (1969), in discussing the interdependence that exists between nonverbal and verbal messages, identified six impor
tant ways that nonverbal communication directly affects our verbal discour.
"First, we can u nonverbal signals to emphasize our words. All good speakers know how to do this with forceful gestures, changes in vocal volume or speech rate, deliberate paus, and so forth. . . .
"Second, our nonverbal behavior can 成考补习repeat what we say. We can say yes to someone while nodding our head . . ..
"Third, nonverbal signals can substitute for words. Often, there isn't much need to put things in words. A simple gesture can suffice (e.g., shaking your head to say no, using the thumbs-up sign to say 'Nice job,' etc.). . . .
"Fourth, we can u nonverbal signals to regulate speech. Called turn-taking signals, the gestures and vocalizations make it possible for us to alternate the conversational ro
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les of speaking and listening. . . .
"Fifth, nonverbal messages sometimes contradict what we say. A friend tells us she had a great time at the beach, but we're not sure becau her voice is flat and her face lacks emotion. . . .
"Finally, we can u nonverbal signals to complement the verbal content of our message. . . . Being upt could mean we feel angry, depresd, disappointed, or just a bit on edge. Nonverbal signals can help to clarify the words we u and reveal the true nature of our feelings."
amtc(Martin S. Remland, Nonverbal Communication in Everyday Life, 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2004)
∙ Deceptive Studies
"Traditionally, experts tend to agree that nonverbal communicationmavs itlf carries the impact of a message. 'The figure most cited to support this claim is the estimate that 93 p
ercent of all meaning in a social situation comes from nonverbal information, while only 7 percent comes from verbal information.' The figure is deceiving, however. It is bad on two 1976 studies that compared vocal cues with facial cues. While other studies have not supported the 93 percent, it is agreed that both children and adults rely more on nonverbal cues than on verbal cues in interpreting the messages of others."
(Roy M. Berko et al., Communicating: A Social and Career Focusconsignee, 10th ed. Houghton Mifflin, 2007)
Types of Nonverbal Communication
9 Major Nonverbal Beahviors
By Kendra Cherry
Psychology Expert
According to experts, a substantial portion of our communication is nonverbal. Every day, we respond to thousands on nonverbal cues and behaviors including takizawapostures, facial expression, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. From our handshakes to our hairstyles, nonverbal details reveal who we are and impact how we relate to other people.
Scientific rearch on nonverbal communication and behavior began with the 1872 publication of Charles Darwin's The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals.
Since that time, there has been an abundance of rearch on the types, effects, and expressions of unspoken communication and behavior. While the signals are often so subtle that we are not consciously aware of them, rearch has identified veral different types of nonverbal communication.
In many cas, we communicate information in nonverbal ways using groups of behaviors.
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For example, we might combine a frown with crosd arms and unblinking eye gaze to indicate disapproval.
1. Facial Expressions贾斯汀比伯私生子
Facial expressions are responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal communication. Consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or a frown. The look on a person face is often the first thing we e, even before we hear what they have to say.
While nonverbal communication and behavior can vary dramatically between cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, and fear are similar throughout the world.
2. Gestures
Deliberate movements and signals are an important way to communicate meaning without words. Common gestures include waving, pointing, and using fingers to indicate numeric amounts.
Other gestures are arbitrary and related to culture.
