英美概况知识点总结（吐⾎编写）
Survey of the USA Foundation: 1776.7.4. The fourth largest country in the world
Position: the central part of North America; Alaska in the northwestern part of North America and Hawaii inthe central Pacific Ocean.Northern temperature zone.cebit
North: Canada; South: Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico; East: Atlantic Ocean; West: Pacific Ocean
Area: 6% of the Earth ≈ the whole Europe
(三⼤河流体系)The three river systems in the USA ar e: the system of the Gulf of Mexico, the system of the Atlantic Ocean and the system of the Pacific Ocean.
(三⼤⼭脉) three great mountain ranges: the Appalachian Mountains, the Rocky Mountains and the Great Cordillera Mountain Range.
(the Pacific河流体系的两⼤河流) the Columbia River and the Colorado River.
(美国/世界最长的河流)the Mississippi Rive r is the most important river in the system of the Gulf.
The Rocky Mountains(落基⼭脉) are ―the backbone of the continent‖.
Great lake(美国五⼤湖) They are located in the northeast part of America. 由西⾄东:Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.
(黄⽯国家公园)Yellowstone National Park，Wyoming /(⼤峡⾕)Grand Canyon/
Three basic geographical areas or surface regions:
1) The Atlantic Seacoast and the Appalachian Mountains in the east
Eastern Coastal Plain; The first 13 colonies：1624, Virginia 1629, New Hampshire 1632, Maryland
1662, Connecticut 1663, Rhode Island 1664, New York 1664, New Jery 1681, Pennsylvania
1682, Delaware 1691, Massachutts 1713, North Carolina 1713, South Carolina 1732, Georgia
2) The great Mississippi River Valley in the middle
pets报名
Between Appalachian and the Rocky Mountains, 2,000 km from east to west
Chicago Great Plain: west part of Mississippi Valley
3) The Rockies west to the Pacific Ocean
Rocky Mountains: the backbone of the continent
Yellow Stone National Park,
Hoover Dam Las Vegas, the gambling city
Death Valley: 85m below the a level, the lowest place with the highest temperature in America
零基础学瑜伽The highest point: Denali in Alaska (20,320 feet)
Silicon Valley –the center of America’s electronic industry
Three river systems: one of the Gulf of Mexico, one of the Atlantic Ocean, one of the Pacific Ocean
Mississippi River: the third longest river in the world (Nile River, Amazon River) ―Father of Waters‖
Lake Superior: the largest fresh water lake of its kind in the world (only after the largest inland lake Caspian Sea –salt water lake)
Lake Michigan is wholly within the USA
Niagara Falls: Lake Erie & Lake Ontario
Great Salt Lake: the largest inland salt lake in North America
Three mountain ranges The Appalachian Mountains，The Rocky Mountains，The Great Cordillera Mountain People：European origin: 80% Melting pot Indians: original inhabitants
National Anthem: the Star-Spangled Banner
National Flag: The Stars and Stripes
At the left side on the top: blue background with white stars – 9 lines of stars (six, five); 13 stripes: red and white; red –bravery, white – freedom, blue – loyalty and justice
Fifty stars: fifty states; thirteen stripes: thirteen colonies
Survey of UK (=the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland)
Position: Northwestern Europe To the north of France, the west of the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway
Composition(Capital): England(London), Scotland(Edinburgh), Wales(Cardiff), Northern Ireland(Belfast) Geographic features:
The Highland Zone: north and west
The Lowland Zone: south and southeast
The Pennines has been called ―the backbone of England‖.
(第⼀长河流)Severn River (第⼆长河流)Thames River
(最⼤的内陆湖)Lough Neagh which is located in Northern Ireland.
Weather: Dreary, the rain in protracted drizzle but not in heavy /doc/47949218964bcf84b9d57bdc.html ck of sunshine: overcast skies and fog Factors influencing English weather
patchouliA. the shores of the British Isles: warm stream North Atlantic Drift北⼤西洋暖流
B. westerly wind belt: the west wind from the Atlantic Ocean is mild and moist西风带
C. the configuration of Britain, particularly numerous inlets make oceanic influences penetrate more effectively National Anthem: God Save the Queen (King).The anthem demonstrates the spirit of the social system in terms of constitutional monarchy.
National Flag: Union Jack: combines the cross of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick
(England)St. George’s cross was rectangular, red on a white background
(Scotland)St. Andrew’s cross was diagonal, white on a blue background
(Ireland)St. Patrick’s cross was red on a white background
People: Anglo- Saxons, Celts
British History:
Roman Occupation(55 B.C. – 410)
55 B.C., the Romans under Julius Caesar invaded Britain; influence Celtic
43 A.D.: successful invasion Failed to conquer Scotland
Built two great walls: Hadrian’s Wall, Antonine Wall
Influence The invasion marked the beginning of English recorded history.
Roman civilization: baths, temples, amphitheatres, roads, cultivation, organized government, towns, minerals (lead, iron, pottery) New religion: Christianity
No impact on the language or culture becau Romans always treated the Britons as a lave class; no intermarry. Norman Conquest
the Middle English period: the Great English Vowel Shift; French’s influence
英文版吻别歌词William the Conqueror : the first Anglo-Norman king of England, the first king to be crowned in Westminster Abbey the Battle of Hastings – October 14th, 1066
Influence Sped up the development of feudalism in England。William built the Tower of London; strengthened the king’s power。Domesday Book: description of England – stated the extent, value, population and the ownership of the land。Feudal aristocracy developed with the appearance of noble titles。The Norman way of life, French civilization 。Change of language。The last invasion of England by freigners
Magna Carta （Great charter）⼤宪章(1215)June 15, 1215, King John signed Great Charter
Influences The first step of constitutional experiment and rule of law
Paved the way for the new-born bourgeoisie to get political power
Protected the rights of the merchant class, which facilitated the development of commerce and handicraft
Laid down the basic rules for the English and American legal system
The War of Ros (1455-1458) It is the name given to the struggle for the English throne between two branches of the English royal family: the Hou of Lancaster, who vadge was a red ro, and the Hou York, who badge was a white ro. The wars lasted for thirty years from 1455 to 1485. From the wars English feudalism received its deathblow. The feudal nobility was much weakened
Caus:The nobles tried to gain power and dominate the government。No proper jobs for the mercenary soldiers so they fought each other。Two branches of the Plantagenet family: the Hou of Lancaster vs. the Hou of York Duke of York tried to displace the Lancaster king, Henry VI。Name: Sir Walter Scott – the badge of the Hou of Lancaster was a red ro; that of York a white o
ne
Influences: the extinguishing of so many nobles enabled England to shake off much of its feudal burden in its capitalist development. The thinning-out of the old barony strengthened the position of the royal hou and paved the way for the development of a centralized administration.Henry Tudor as Henry VII, the founder of the Tudor Monarchy; the ending of the Middle Ages.
Chartist Movement (1836-1848)
A mass movement of the working class to fight for equal political and social rights、
The People’s Charter
Significance:The workers’ struggle for liberation。The first nationwide working class movement
The first broad, really mass, politically formed, proletarian revolutionary movement – Lenin
Cau of failure
The particular social conditions。Leadership was weak for the lack of clo cooperation between diff
erent participants。The working class was not mature。The English bourgeoisie was not a dying class
Demands of the 6 points were achieved gradually over the period of 1858 – 1918, but the sixth was not practical
Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) the War between England and France
Caus: territorial and economic disputes。To get back the lost territory on the Continent。To expand foreign markets。Suspected that France had been giving aid to the Scots in their opposition to England
Influences Deprived the English king of his posssions of the Continent。Paved the way for the development of parate English and French national identities。Bi-linguistic period in English history came to and end
To develop the woolen textile industry。Sped up the decline of feudalism。Incread the power of the central government。Pushed the growing bourgeoisie onto a higher social status
Black Death (1348)The deadly bubonic plague. About half the population died in England, from 4 to
2 million Started in Italy, spread to other parts of Europe
Influences Shortage of labour 。Statute of Labourers: it was a crime for peasants to ask for more wages
Poll taxes to fund the War。Discontent among the peasants
The Enclosure Acts: 圈地运动
The cloth industry incread the value of wool, Raiding sheep became more profitable. This in conquence encouraged the landlords to convert arable land and the ―Commons‖ into pastures. Later some of the nobility and merchants who had bought up manors in the countryside started to enclo the land too. Large areas of land were often hedged or fenced without any warning to the peasants. This process, which started after the Black Death, was known as the Enclosure Movement.
影响：Agriculture enclosure had good as well as bad resultes:
1.Farms became bigger and bigger unites as the great bought up the small.
2.More vegetables, more milk and more dairy products were consumed, and diet became more varied.
jumprope
3.Enclosure was a disaster for the tenants evicted from their land by the enclosures. The peasant farmers were
forced to look for work in towns, enclosure led to mass emigration, particularly to the New World.
4. A new class hostility was introduced into rural relationships.
The Welfare State
It is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social curity of its citizens through its organization of health rvices and other facilities. Britain began to try this system in the postwar years and it has ever since been regarded as a welfare state.
独⽴宣⾔的意义：
Declaration of Independence is a creeding document that the Independence of the United States was declared, which was drafted out by the bourgeois democrat T. Jefferson. It declared that everyo
ne was equal and it described the theoretical foundation on which the people in the colony tried to win the independence, pointed out and bitterly attached the colonial tyranny of the British Queen. It solemnly declared to the whole world that the colony in the North America had broken away from Britain and that the United States of freedom and independence was formally founded. The issue of the Declaration of Independence played a great and important role in mobilizing the mass of the people, which caud a very good influence to promote the bourgeois revolution in all countries in North America and Europe.
．Independence War
起因：The British government practiced unfair price policies and put into effect many taxes for example the Stamp Tax. The people in the colonies wanted more power to determine their own business and oppod the unfair treatment and all the policies. Thus a war was the only solution.
1. The First Continental Congress 第⼀次⼤陆会1774.9.5
地点：Philadelphia⼈物：Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington and Patrick Henry
内容：On September 5, 1774, delegates from all the colonies except Georgia met in the First contin
ental Congress in Philadelphia. Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington and Patrick Henry
气息奄奄agreed that what they wanted was only fair treatment from Great Britain, rather than independence.
The delegates voted to cut off all trade with Great Britain until Parliament abolished the Intolerable
Acts.
2. Lexington—Beginning 1775.4.18 战争开始的标志
The disobedience抗命of the American Colonies angered the British government.
In 1774，the British government ordered its troops in Boston.
(General Gage received cret orders from the Vritish government to take military action against the Massachutts troublemakers.盖奇将军)
3. The Second Continental Congress 1775.5.10
地点：Philadelphia⼈物：Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancockhotel california
内容：On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia.
①To defend the colonies, the Congress organized an army. George Washington was appointed
commander in chief. ②They asked King George III to prevent further hostile action by Great
Britain, so that peaceful relation might be restored.
4. The Battle of Bunker Hill (177
5.5) 邦克⼭战役The most bloodiest war during the Independence War.
5. ―The Declaration of Independence‖(177
6.6)《独⽴宣⾔》
①In June, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was drafted by Thomas Jefferson.
On July 4, the Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence.
②All ties with Great British were now cut, and a new nation, the United States of America was born.
6. Victory at Saratoga---Turning Point (177
7.10.17)
⼈物：William Howe[英⽅]----Burgoyne[美⽅] 威廉豪将军---伯⼽
意义：The victory at Saratoga was a turning point in the Independence War. It stopped the British invasion from Canada, and saved the New England colones. More important, it helped convince France that it
could safely enter the war on the American side.
7. ―The Articles of Confederation‖《邦联条例》
作⽤：They rved as the new nation’s constitution. The Articles attempted to balance the need for an effective national government with the traditional independence of each state. The document gave Congress only a limited number of powers for government the nation. All the other powers and functions, however, were left to the parate states becau many delegates distrusted a strong central government.
8. Victory at Yorktown 约克敦⼤捷
vangelis>入党自我鉴定范文
作⽤：The victory at Yorktown ended fighting in the Revolution and virtually assured success to the American cau. 实际上确保了美国独⽴事业的成功。
9. The Treaty of Paris (1783)
作⽤：In the Treaty of Paris, Britain recognized the independence of its former colonies and accepted the new nation’s borders. Britain gave Florida to Spain. In addition, it instructed the Congress to recommend that the states restore property taken from Loyalists during the war.
Bill of Rights (1689)权利法案the Constitutional Monarchy began in England
An Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown
The king has no right to nullify the law or levy tax without Parliament’s connt; Catholics can’t take the throne; the king can’t marry a Catholic. –it plays the role of Constitution; it’s regarded as derivation of American Constitution
Industrial Revolution It refers to the mechanization of industry and the conquent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was mainly characterized by the inventions of many modern machines which greatly incread productivity and
changed the appearance of Britain. Modem factories and big industrial cities were growing rapidly. It made Britain richer and stronger, and at the same time it also gave birth to an entirely new social class, the working class or the proletariat.
Background Internally: Parliament cured the dominant position in political life, which helped to pave the way for rule of law and peaceful development
Externally: reign supreme on the a; geographical advantage for foreign trade
