Chapter 1 Language语言
1.Design feature北京森淼 （识别特征） refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication。
2.Productivity （能产性） refers to the abilitystare that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of ntences in their native language。
3.encorearbitrariness （任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning.
4.symbol （符号） Symbol refers to something such as an object, word， or sound that reprents something el by association or convention.
5.discreteness (离散性） Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullyout of memory是什么意思 distinct.
6.displacement阈值英文 (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human langu
age can be ud to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its urs。
7.duality of structure （结构二重性) The organizationysb of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure.
8.culture transmission （文化传播） Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is pasd on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning， rather than by inheritance.
9.interchangeability (互换性） Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages。
1.★What is language?
Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols ud for human communication。defen This definition has captured the main features of language。
First， language is a system。
Second, language is arbitrary in the n.
The third feature of language is symbolic nature。
2.★What are the design features of language?
Language has ven design features as following:
1） Productivity。
2) Discreteness。
3) Displacement
4) Arbitrariness。
5） Cultural transmission
6） Duality of structure.
7) Interchangeability.
3.Why do we say language is a system?
Becau elements of language are combined according to rules， and every language contains a t of rules。 By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the ntences are ud in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.doubtless
4.★ （Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language？
I.Halliday us the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language：
1) Instrumental function。 工具功能
2) Regulatory function. 调节功能
3） Reprentational function。 表现功能
4） Interactional function。 互动功能
5） null 是什么意思Personal function。 自指性功能
6) Heuristic function。 启发功能 ［osbQtq`kf`h］
7) Imaginative function. 想象功能
II.Adult language has three functional components as following：
1） Interpersonal components. 人际
2) Ideational components.概念
3） Textual components.语篇
Chapter 2 Linguistics语言学
1.general linguistics and descriptive linguisticsbugzilla （普通语言学与描写语言学) The form
er deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language。
2.synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics （共时语言学与历时语言学) Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in it between successive points in time. And synchronic linguistics prents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.
3.theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics （理论语言学与应用语言学) The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.
4.microlinguistics and macrolinguistics （微观语言学与宏观语言学) The former studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to languages.
5.langue and parole （语言与言语） The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community whereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual speaker.
6.competence and performance (语言能力与语言运用) The former is one's knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latter is the u of language in concrete situation。
