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TPO 34—1 伊斯兰宗教艺术
原文：
弗兰奇 莫尼兹
【1】The arts of the Islamic book, such as calligraphy and decorative drawing, developed during A.D. 900 to 1500, and luxury books are some of the most characteristic examples of Islamic art produced in this period. This came about from two major developments: paper became common, replacing parchm
ent as the major medium for writing, and rounded scripts were regularized and perfected so that they replaced the angular scripts of the previous period, which becau of their angularity were uneven in height. Books became major vehicles for artistic expression, and the artists who produced them, notably calligraphers and painters, enjoyed high status, and their workshops were often sponsored by princes and their courts. Before A.D. 900, manuscripts of the Koran (the book containing the teachings of the Islamic religion) em to have been the most common type of book produced and decorated, but after that date a wide range of books were produced for a broad spectrum of patrons. The continued to include, of cour,manuscripts of the Koran, which every Muslim wanted to read, but scientific works, histories, romances, and epic and lyric poetry were also copied in fine handwriting and decorated with beautiful illustrations. Most were made for sale on the open market, and cities boasted special souks (markets) where books were bought and sold. The mosque of Marrakech in Morocco is known as the Kutubiyya, or Bookllers’ Mosque, after the adjacent market. Some of the most luxurious books were specific commissions made at the order of a particular prince and signed by the calligrapher
and decorator.
【2】Papermaking had been introduced to the Islamic lands from China in the eighth century. It has
been said that Chine papermakers were among the prisoners captured in a battle fought near Samarqand between the Chine and the Muslims in 751, and the technique of papermaking - in which cellulo pulp extracted from any of veral plants is first suspended in water, caught on a fine screen, and then dried into flexible sheets - slowly spread westward. Within fifty years, the government in Baghdad was using paper for documents. Writing in ink on paper, unlike parchment, could not easily be erad, and therefore paper had the advantage that it was difficult to alter what was written on it. Papermaking spread quickly to Egypt - and eventually to Sicily and Spain - but it was veral centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran, probably becau of the conrvative nature of religious art and its practitioners. In western Islamic lands, parchment continued to be ud for manuscripts of the Koran throughout this period.
【3】The introduction of paper spurred a conceptual revolution who conquences have barely been explored. Although paper was never as cheap as it has become today, it was far less expensive than parchment, and therefore more people could afford to buy books, Paper is thinner than parchment, so more pages could be enclod within a single volume. At first, paper was made in relatively small sheets that were pasted together, but by the beginning of the fourteenth century, very large sheets - as much as a meter across - were available. The large sheets
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meant that calligraphers and artists had more space on which to work. Paintings became more complicated, giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion. The incread availability of paper, particularly after 1250, encouraged people to develop systems of reprentation, such as architectural plans and drawings. This in turn allowed the easy transfer of artistic ideas and motifs over great distances from one medium to another, and in a different scale in ways that had been difficult, if not impossible, in the previous period.
【4】Rounded styles of Arabic handwriting had long been ud for correspondence and documents alongside the formal angular scripts ud for inscriptions and manuscripts of the Koran. Around the year 900, Ibn Muqla, who was a cretary and vizier at the Abbasid court in Baghdad, developed a system of proportioned writing. He standardized the length of alif, the first letter of the Arabic alphabet, and then determined what the size and shape of all other letters should be, bad on the alif. Eventually, six round forms of handwriting, compod of three pairs of big and little scripts known collectively as the Six Pens, became the standard repertory of every calligrapher.
题目：
1.
Paragraph 1 makes all of the following points about Islamic books EXCEPT:
A.Books were an important form of artistic expression.
B.A wide variety of books with different styles and topics became available.
关于学习的演讲稿C.They were sold primarily near mosques.
D.Most books were intended for sale on the open market.
matter2.
杰森玛耶兹The word "sponsored" in the passage is clost in meaning to
A.visited
B.owned
C.praid
D.supported
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3.
The word "adjacent" in the passage is clost in meaning to
weaponA.major
C.ancientinterested
D.well-known
4.
According to paragraph 1, before A.D. 900, books in the Islamic world
A.included a wide range of subjects
B.did not contain any calligraphy or decoration
C.ud rounded scripts
D.were usually written on parchment
5.
In paragraph 1，why does the author mention the fact that the mosque in Marrakech,
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