《现代语言学》问答题
1.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is esntially different from animal communication system?
Arbitrariness
英语美文mp3下载It means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are ud to refer to the same object in different languages.
Productivity
Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its urs. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of ntences.
Duality
festival是什么意思Language is a system, which consists of two ts of structures. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themlves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. Then the units at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of ntences.
Displacement
Language can be ud to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This property provides speakers with an opportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caud by paration in time or place.
Cultural transmission
Language is culturally transmitted. It is pasd on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted.
猴子英文
2. How are the English consonants classified?
1)by manner of articulation.
a.stops（plosive爆破音）: [p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g]
b.fricatives（磨擦音）: [f],[v],[s],[z],[ θ],[ ð], [∫ ], [ʒ], [h]
c.affricates专业论文翻译（破擦音）nlc: [ t∫], [dʒ]
d.liquids（lateral边音，流音）: [l], [r]
e.nasals（鼻音）: [m],[ n],[ ŋ]
f.glides （mivowels半元音）: [w], [ j]
2)by place of articulation :
a.bilabial（双唇音）: [p],[b],[m],[w]
b.labiodental（唇齿音）: [f],[v]
c.dental（舌齿音）: [θ],[ ð] fork怎么读
d.alveolar（齿龈音）: [t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r]
e.palatal（腭音）: [∫], [ʒ],[ t∫ ], [d安康什么意思ʒ], [j]
f.velar（软腭音）: [k], [g], [ŋ ]
g.glottal（喉音，声门单）: [h]
3. What criteria are ud to classify the English vowels? 英语的元音是如何分类的？
1) According to the position of the tongue, vowels may be distinguished as front vowels such as [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a], central vowels such as [ɜ:] [ə] [ʌ], and back vowels such as [u:] [ʊ ] [ɔ:] [ɔ ] [ɑ:]
2) According to the openness of the mouth, we classify the vowels into four groups: clo vowels such as [i:] [i] [u:] [ʊ ], mi-clo vowels such as [e] [ɜ要求加薪:], mi-open vowels such as [ə] [ɔ:], and open vowels such as [æ] [a] [ʌ ] [ɔ ] and [ɑ:].
3) According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into rounded vowels and unrounded vowels. In English all the front and central vowels are unrounded vowels, all the back vowels, with exception of [ɑ:], are rounded.
4) According to the length of the vowels, the English vowels can also be classified into long vowels and short vowels. The long vowels include [i:] [ɜ:] [ɔ: ] [u:] [ɑ:]，while the rest are short vowels.
4. What are phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair?
If two phonetically similar sounds can occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast. [p], [b]
wondIf two phonetically similar sounds are two allophones of the same phoneme and they occur in different environments, they are said to be in complementary distribution. [p], [ph].
When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound gment which
occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. For example, kill and bill.
5. Explain with examples the quential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.
儿童谜语大全3到6岁Sequential rule refers to the rule that governs the combination of sounds in a particular language.
For example, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r] , then the next sound must be a vowel.
If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules:
the first phoneme must be /s/
the cond phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/
the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/
Assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a quential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.
For example, the [i:] sound in words like bean, green, team, and scream. This is becau in all the sound combinations the [i:] sound is followed by a nasal [n] or [m].
Deletion rule tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically reprented.
