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Transcendentalism
19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were lool y bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought bad on a belief in t he esntial unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of in sight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. In their religio us quest, the Transcendentalists rejected the conventions of 18th-century thought; and what began in a dissatisfaction with Unitarianism developed into a repudiation of the whole established order.
American Naturalism appeared in the 1890s with the reprentatives of Crane, Norris and Theodore Dreir. They tore the mask of gentility to pieces and wrote about the h elplessness of man, his insignificance in a cold world, and his lack of dignity in face o f the crushing forces of environment and heredity. They reported truthfully and objecti vely, with a passion for scientific accuracy and a lot of details. The whole picture is so mber and dark; and the general tone one of hopelessness and even despair.
Imagism was a poetic movement that flourished in America and England, at the begin ning of the 20th
century. Ezra Pound raid three principles for the movement: direct t reatment of the “thing”, whether subjective or objective; to u absolutely no word tha t does not contribute to the prentation; as regarding rhythm, to compo in the que nce of the musical phra, not in the quence of a metronome.
The Lost Generation
1. term: It is a term in frequent u after WWI in reference to the young men who
miasmatasurvived physically but were afterwards spiritually and morally adrift. So the lost generation refers to disillusioned writers who wrote after WWI. Many of them went to the battle. After the war, they rebelled against former ideals and values and can’t find new ones to replace.
2. It first coined by Gertrude Stein. In Paris, she opens the door to American expatriates.
She once said to Hemingway, “You’re all a lost generation.”
3. It was ud as preface to The Sun Also Ris. Then it became popular. Fitzgerald once
said they are “a generation grown up to find all gods died, all wars fought, all faith in men shaken”.
Local colorism is a type of writing that was popular in the late 19th(1860s—1870s). The feature of local colorism are: (1) prenting a locale distinguished from the outsid e world; (2)describing the exotic of the picturesque; (3)glorifying the past; (4) showin g things as they are; (5) influence of tting on characters. The well known local color ism authors were Mark Twain with his book Tom Sawyer and The Adventures of Huc kleberry Finn.
Free ver is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length, and that attempts av oid any predetermined ver structure; instead, it us the cadenees of natural speech. While it alternates stresd and unstresd syllables as stricter ver forms do, free ver does so in a loor way. Whiteman?s poetry is an example of free ver at its most
impressive, for example Song of Mylf. It has since been ud Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American poets of the 20th century. Walt Whiteman?s Leaves of Gr ass is, perhaps , the most notable example.
Stream of consciousness: in literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a liter arytechnique which eks to describe an individual…s point of view by giving the writt en equivalent of the character?s thought process. Sen of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the mode
rnist movement. Sen of consciousness writing is u sually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associ ative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the pro difficult to follow, tracin g as they do a character?s fragmentary thoughts and nsory feelings. Sen of consci ousness writing gained rapid prominence in the twentieth century. Famous writers to e mploy this technique in the English language include William Faulkner with his The S ound and the Fury.
The Beat Generation is a group of American young writers and artists popular in the 1950s and early 1960s. the member of the beat generation were new bohemian liberti nes, who engaged in a spontaneous, sometimes messy, creativity. The beat writers pro duced a body of written work controversial both for its advocacy of non conformity a nd for its non conforming style. The major writing are jack Kerouac?s on the road an d Allen Ginsberg?s Howl. Code hero: The Hemingway hero is an average man of dec idedly masculine tastes, nsitive and intelligent, a man of action, and one of few wor ds. That is an individualist keeping emotions under control, stoic and lf-disciplined i n a dreadful place. The people are usually spiritual strong, people of certain skills, a nd most of them encounter death many times. The heroes in his book are all have
som ething in common which Hemingway values: they have en the cold world and for o ne cau
or another, they boldly and courageously face the reality; whatever the result is, they are ready to live with grace under pressure. The Hemingway code hero has an indestructible spirit for his optimistic view of life, though he is pessimistic that is He mingway.manchester
Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner ud, w hich shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same p erson or the same situation. The u of this technique gave the story a circular form w herein one event was the center, with various points of view radiating from it. The mu ltiple points of view technique makes the reader recognize the difficulty of arriving at a true judgment.
American Naturalism: The American naturalists accepted the more negative interpreta tion of Darwin?s evolutionary theory and ud it to accout for the behavior of tho c haracters in literary works who were regarded as more or less complex combinations of inherited attributes, their habits conditioned by social and economic forces.2) natur alism is evolved from realism when the author?s tone in writing becomes less rious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more pessimistic. It is no more than a gloo my philosophical approach to reality, or to human existence.3>Dreir with his Sister Carrie is a leading figure of his school.
1/What are major features of Hemingway’s writing style?
撒谎英文(1) he may be classified to the school of Naturalism——scientific obrvation of life, without
idealism.
(2) Iceberg theory of writing: lean/economical style: (3) Colloquial style: influences b y Mark Twain (4) Symbolism/ stream of consciousness
(5) Theme: grace under pressure; war and its effect upon people (6) Code hero: Henry Jack Barn, Satiago
(7) Simple ntence, nature, direct, fresh, clear
【His ntences are short and simple; language is vigorous and positive in colloquial style; gorgeous adjectives are avoided; words are concrete, specific and more commo nly found, casual and conversational. Apparently natural as his style ems to be, his s tyle is deliberate and polished. Its simplicity can be disastrously deceptive, as it is hig hly suggestive and connotative and capable of offering layers of undercurrent of mean ing. Iceberg theory: one eighth is above the water; all of the rest is underneath the wat er. Hemingway?s strength lies in his short ntences and very specific details in his re straint and understatement. In his opinion, a writer has got to catch “the whiteness of
t he bone”, to catch the one specific thing and bring it to life and make it vivid for the r eaders and leave everything el out.】
2/Compare Whitman and Dickson’s poetry in terms of content and technique?
1. Similarities:
(1) Thematically, they both extolled, in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, its individualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “Americ an Renaissance”.
(2) Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by bre aking free of the convention of the iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in for m unknown before: they were pioneers in American poetry.(newness pioneers)
2. differences:
(1) Whitman ems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner li fe of the individual.
(2) Whereas Whitman is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.
(3) Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (conci, direct, simple style and diction) which Whitman doesn?t have (endless —all—inclusive catalogue ntences).
3/what are major feature of American poetry in 1950s and 1960s?
I. Features
1. Some poets found inspiration in the past.
2. Poetry became more attuned to political and social issues of the period.
3. Poets bec ame more visible in American public life.
4. There was no prescribed form for poetry.
5. Poets became more political. Themes such as homoxuality, racism, etc. are includ ed in the poems. In 1960s, poetry became more and more political.
4/what factors make Catcher in the Rye a success in American literature?
Popular with the postwar young generation who have found in Holden an approximati on of their own
experience艺术留学研究生
The book?s success has also to do with its superb handling of language.
6/discuss Faulkner’s theme, style and point of view. point of view
He generally shows a grim picture of human society where violence and cruelty are fr equently included, but his later works showed more optimism. His intention was to sh ow the evil, harsh events in contrast to such eternal virtues as love, honour, pity, comp assion, lf-sacrifice, and thereby expo the faults of society. He felt that it was a writ er?s duty to remind his readers constantly of true values and virtues. themes
(1) history and race
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He explains the prent by examining the past, by telling the stories of veral generat ions of family to show how history changes life. He was interested in the relationship between blacks and whites, especially concerned about the problems of the people wh o were of the mixed race of black and white, unacceptable to both races.
(2) Deterioration
(3) Conflicts between generations, class, races, man and environment内容英语
(4) Horror, violence and the abnormal
Style / features of his works
(1) complex plot
(2) he ud the device of stream of consciousness
tour de france(3) he ud multiple point of view and a circular form instead of a linear structure.
(4) The violation of chronology in the narrative structure is matched by a violation of everyday language habits in Faulkner?s pro style.
(5) courtroom rhetoric: formal language
(6) He stresd authorial transcendence to avoid authorial intrusion in narration and ch aracterization
(7) “a nti-hero”: weak, fable, vulnerable (true people in modern society)
(8)His pro varies from colloquial, regional, to formal diction and cadences(声调)of American speech.
(9) “despair” and “doom” are the frequent motifs in a world of racial exploitation and violence, civil wars, macabre murders, suicides, labor pains, etc.
(10 ) Faulkner not only provided the reader with more than external events and details , he also probed the inner lives of tho who are living in the South and trying to cope with the problems of a society in decline and transition.
He has a group of women writers following him, including O?Connor and Eudora W elty
7/what’s the difference between Henry James’ realism and Mark Twain’s realism? Although James and Twain both worked for realism, there were obvious differences b etween them. In thematic terms, James wrote mostly of the upper reaches of American society, whereas Mark Twain dealt largely with the lower strata of society. Technicall y, James pursued the Psychological realism, but Mark Twain's contribution to the deve lopment of realism and to American literature as a whole was partly through his theori es of Local Colorism in American fiction, and partly through his colloquial style. Henry James believed that reality lies in the impressions made by life on the spectator, and not
in any facts of which the spectator is unaware, such realism is therefore merel y the obligation that the artist assumes to reprent life as he es it, which may not be the same life as it "really" is. James shifted the ground of realistic art from the outer t o the inner world.
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Mark Twain preferred to reprent social life through portraits of local places which h e knew best. He drew heavily from his own rich fund of knowledge of people and pla ces. He confined himlf to the life with which he was familiar. By quoting from
his o wn experience, Mark Twain managed to transform into art the freedom and humor, in short, the finest elements of western culture.
8/in connection with American Romanticism, how do you understand the “newness” o f the American as a nation?
There is an amount of truth in describing the Americans as some-what different f rom Europeans. Their ideals of individualism and political equality, and their dream th at America was to be a new Garden of Eden for man were distinctly American plan. T he ideals may have been mere talk, and the dream may have been in the process of ev aporation or even may have been just the figment of imagination, but their very existe nce in any form in the minds of the people did probably produce a f
eeling of "newnes s", a feeling strong enough to inspire the romantic imagination and channel it into a di fferent vein of writing. Hence the n of mission with which some American romant icists undertook to reprent their people in the New World. Anyone who tries to appr eciate American literature in general and American romantic writing in particular in E nglish and European terms will have to be content if they fail to find any thing "great" there.
9/is there symbolism in the book Moby Dick?
A) It is a mixture of fantasy and realism bad on the South Pacific whaling industry. It might be read as initiation story about Ishmael, the outcast, finding himeslf in a real world of hard work and danger and an unreal world of speculation and mystery.
B) It is a fabulos dramatization of Ahab?s obsd dermination to revenge himlf i n the pursuit of one particular whale who previously destoryed his boat and humiliate d him by ripping off one of his legs. The book has so often been interpreted in so man y ways, allegorically and symolically.
C) Melville is a master of allegory and symbolism. Instead of putting the battle betwe en Ahab and the big whale into simple statesment, he ud symbols, that is , obejects or persons who reprent something el. Differnet people on board the ship are repre ntations of different ideas and differe
nt social and ethnic groups, facts become symb ols and incidents acquire universal meanings; the Pequod is the microcosm of human society and the voyage becoems a arch for truth. The while whale, Moby Dick, sym bolizes nature for Melville, for it is complex, unfathomable, malignant, and beautiful as well.
D) For the character Ahab,however, the whale only reprents evil. Moby Dick is like a wall, hiding some unknown, mysterious things behind. Moby Dick is a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the univer, and the voyage of the mind will forever remain a a rch, not a discovery, of the truth. The whole story turns out to be a symbolic voyage of the mind quest of the truth and knowledge of the univer, a spiritual exploration into man?s deep realityy and psychology.
10/Analyze the mother daughter relationship in The Joy Luck Club.
Universally caud by generational conflicts, is here intensified by cultural difference. In Tan?s novels, the mothers have immigrated from China to the United States for th e express purpo of providing their daughters with greater opportunities. To their sur pri and dismay, the daughters have grown up American and thus foreign and incomp rehensible. Through storytelling, each of the four mothers and daughters and daughter s attempts to make herlf comprehensible to her other half.
