Design of machine and machine elements
Machine design
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Machine design is the art of planning or devising new or improved machines to accomplish specific purpos. In general, a machine will consist of a combination of veral different mechanical elements properly designed and arranged to work together, as a whole. During the initial planning of a machine, fundamental decisions must be made concerning loading, type of kinematic elements to be ud, and correct utilization of the properties of engineering materials. Economic considerations are usually of prime importance when the design of new machinery is undertaken. In general, the lowest over-all costs are designed. Consideration should be given not only to the cost of design, manufacture the necessary safety features and be of pleasing external appearance.
The objective is to produce a machine which is not only sufficiently rugged to function properly for a reasonable life, but is at the same time cheap enough to be economically feasible.
The engineer in charge of the design of a machine should not only have adequate technical training, but must be a man of sound judgment and wide experience, qualities which are usually acquired only after considerable time has been spent in actual professional work.
Design of machine elements
The principles of design are, of cour, universal. The same theory or equations may be applied to a very small part, as in an instrument, or, to a larger but similar part ud in a piece of heavy equipment. In no ea, however, should mathematical calculations be looked upon as absolute and final. They are all subject to the accuracy of the various assumptions, which must necessarily be made in engineering work. Sometimes only a portion of the total number of parts in a machine are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. The form and size of the remaining parts are designed on the basis of analytic calculations. On the other hand, if the machine is very expensive, or if weight is a factor, as in airplanes, design computations may then be made for almost all the parts.
The purpo of the design calculations is, of cour, to attempt to predict the stress or deformation in the part in order that it may sagely carry the loads, which will be impod on it, and that it may last for the expected life of the machine. All calculations are, of cour, dependent on the physical properties of the construction materials as determined by laboratory tests. A rational method of design attempts to take the results of relatively simple and fundamental tests such as tension, compression, torsion, and fatigue and apply them to all the complicated and involved situations encountered in prent-day machinery.
hare In addition, it has been amply proved that such details as surface condition, fillets, notches, manufacturing tolerances, and heat treatment have a market effect on the strength and uful life of a machine part. The design and drafting departments must specify completely all such particulars, must specify completely all such particulars, and thus exerci the necessary clo control over the finished product.
As mentioned above, machine design is a vast field of engineering technology. As such,
it begins with the conception of an idea and follows through the various phas of design analysis, manufacturing, marketing and consumerism. The following is a list of the major areas of consideration in the general field of machine design:
① Initial design conception;
母亲节快乐英语怎么说②catalog Strength analysis;
wiman ③ Materials lection;
④ Appearance;
⑤ Manufacturing;走自己的路让别人说去吧
⑥homework Safety;
⑦ Environment effects;
⑨ Reliability and life;
Strength is a measure of the ability to resist, without fails, forces which cau stress and strains. The forces may be;
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① Gradually applied;
② Suddenly applied;
③ Applied under impact;
④ Applied with continuous direction reversals;
⑤ Applied at low or elevated temperatures.
If a critical part of a machine fails, the whole machine must be shut down until a repair is made. Thus, when designing a new machine, it is extremely important that critical parts be made strong enough to prevent failure. The designer should determine as precily as possible the nature, magnitude, direction and point of application of all forces. Machine design is mot, however, an exact science and it is, therefore, rarely possible to determine
exactly all the applied forces. In addition, different samples of a specified material will exhibit somewhat different abilities to resist loads, temperatures and other environment conditions. In spite of this, design calculations bad on appropriate assumptions are invaluable in the proper design of machine.
Moreover, it is absolutely esntial that a design engineer knows how and why parts fail so that reliable machines which require minimum maintenance can be designed. Sometimes, a failure can be rious, such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speeds. On the other hand, a failure may be no more than a nuisance. An example is the looning of the radiator ho in the automobile cooling system. The conquence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant, a condition which is readily detected and corrected.
工作室英文 The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude. Generally speaking, dynamic loads with direction reversals cau greater difficulties than static loads and, therefore, fatigue strength must be considered. Another concern is whether th
e material is ductile or brittle. For example, brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved.四级考试时间几点
