《英美概况》名词解释
1. backbone of England : It refers to the Pennines in England. The Pennines extend from north to south, from upland to Derbyshire.
2. the act of 1801: In the year of 1801, the parliament pasd the act to agree that Ireland joined the kingdom. From then on, Britain got the name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and Britain includes England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.
3. the Bank of England: It is the center of the British financial system. It was founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946.
4. Invisible Trade: It refers to a kind of unen and unobvious trade. It includes the profits, dividend and capital investment.
5. Black country: It refers to the industrial area in the west midland and Birmingham is the center. The area is very rich but is heavily polluted. 别对我撒谎
6. Hadrian’s Wall Hadrian’s Wall: In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts and Scots. The wall is very long, : In 122AD, the Romans built a wall in order to defend Picts
and Scots. The wall is very long, from Solway to Tyne; we call it Hadrian’s Wall.
7. Julius Caesar ：The king of Rome. In 55-54BC, he led his army invaded Britain twice.
8. King Alfred: He is the king of Wesx in Britain. In the 8th century, he led the British people defeated the Danes and Vikings, and he was considered the first national hero. He wrote Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. (盎格鲁-
撒克逊编年史)
9. 9. William William William the the the Conqueror: Conqueror: Conqueror: One One One the Christmas the Christmas Day Day of of of 1066, 1066, 1066, French French French man man man William William William defeated defeated defeated the the the British British British King King
Harold Harold at at at Hastings. Hastings. Hastings. In In In Westminster Westminster Westminster Abbey, Abbey, Abbey, he he he was was was crowned crowned crowned the the the King King King of of of Britain, Britain, Britain, so so so the the the Norman Norman Norman Conquest Conquest
began. He established a strong strong monarchy monarchy monarchy in in in England, England, England, and and and unified unified unified the the the country. country. country. In In In 1086, 1086, he he and and and his his officials
made a book about the survey of Britain, which is called Doomsday Book.
10. Battle of Hastings: One the Christmas Day of 1066, at Hastings, French man William defeated the British King Harold, and Harold was killed. The battle was called Battle of Hastings. The battle of Hastings paved a way for the Norman Conquest.
11. 11. Henry Henry Henry II: II: II: In In In the the the year year year of of of 1154, 1154, 1154, Henry Henry Henry II II II built built built the the the Plantagenet Plantagenet Plantagenet and and and when when when he he he was was was a a a king, king, king, he he he made made made the the
monarchy stronger than before. He made a t of reformation and in the year of 1181, he issued the Assize of Arms. He died in 1189.
12. the Assize of Arms: In the year of 1181, Henry II issued the Assize of Arms. According t
o the law, every freeman in England should be provided with arms, and they can only u the arms when they are called to fight for the King.
13.the Great Charter: It is also called Magna Carter. In the year of 1215, King John signed the Great Charter. According to the charter, the king can ’t freely change the law, the king can ’t freely tax, and if the king violates
the Charter, the vassals may rebel by the civil war. It is a feudal charter, but it gave the people trade freedom and lf government.
14. all estates parliament ：The parliament in 1265 is called all estates parliament, and it is considered the beginning of Parliament.
metallurgical15. model model parliament parliament parliament :. :. :. In In In 1295, 1295, 1295, in in in order order order to to to collect collect collect more more more money money money on on on the the the war war war again again again Wales, Wales, Wales, King King King Edward Edward
opened the “all estates parliament ”. The parliament included more than 400 members and was considered the most successful parliament. In the history, it is called model parliament.
16. Heptarchy : From 7th century to 9th century, England was divided into 7 small kingdoms, they fought each
other. Later, the King Wesx, Egbert, united England and he was considered the first King. And this is called Heptarchy.
17. Black Death: It is a kind of plague in 14th century and so many people died from it. The Hundred Year ’s
War stopped for some time becau of the Black Death.
18 18 the the the Lollards: Lollards: Lollards: It It It refers refers refers to to to John John John Wycliffe Wycliffe and and his his his followers. followers. followers. They They They made made made some some some ideological(ideological(思想上的) preparation for the labour movement and peasant uprising.
19. enclosure movement ：In 15th century, the industry of woolen cloth was the source of wealth and export. So
职称日语more more wool wool wool was was was needed, and needed, and more more sheep sheep
sheep were were were needed. needed. needed. So So So some some some landlords landlords landlords began began began to to to enclo enclo enclo some some some ““common
lands lands”” into pasture, and then some nobles and business men do so. As a result, farmers lost land and went to the cities to be the cheap workers. This is called enclosure movement.
20. Francis Drake: He was one of the most famous navigators in England. He t a sail around the world in 1577.
21. the East India Company: It is one of the most famous trade companies in England. It was founded in the year of 1600 and was a tool of exploiting(剥削) Indian people.
22. Henry VII : He became the King in the year of 1485. He did a lot of things to make his crown stronger, for example: he confined Edward in the London Tower, he incread the income of government, he encouraged the education, but he didn ’t deal with the Church problem.
23. Charles I: The cond king of Stuart. He quarreled with the Parliament and dismisd the Parliament for a long time. He killed the Puritans. In 1649, he was killed.
24. O ’liver Cromwell: He is a famous man in the British history. During the civil war, he and his “New Model
clouds
Army Army”” defeated the King
’s army. In 1649, he killed Charles I. In 1653, he became Lord Protector and later compresd the Diggers.
25. new model army: It is the new kind of army led by Oliver Cromwell in the civil war. The army includes 原声电影
farmers, craftsman, undermasters (学徒) etc.
26.the Treaty of Paris in 1763: The treaty is between England and France. It includes four points. According to
the the treaty, treaty, treaty, France France France gave gave gave up up up many many ma
itryny colonies, colonies, colonies, for for for example, example, example, it it it gave gave gave up up up the the the controlling controlling controlling on on on India, India, India, and and and Britain Britain inter
became the chief/leading colonial power.
27. the Hou of Hanover: George began the Hou of Hanover in the year of 1714, and the Cabinet System
was established and monarch was controlled by the Parliament.28.
28. the Treaty of Paris in 1783 : The treaty is between Britain and America. In the treaty the Britain admitted
the independence of America.
drawtext
29. the Corn Laws: It refers to a t of laws to regulate the corn trade, for example: to increa the price of corn
imported in 1815. The Corn Laws were cancelled in 1848.
30. the Peterloo Massacre: In August 1819, a organization was founded in Manchester to demand universal
suffrage, and yearly Parliament and the cancellation of Corn Laws. The government suppresd it and 11
died with so many people wounded. This is called the Peterloo Massacre.
31. the Reform Bill: The Bill was brought up by Whig in 1832. It made 3 changes in election system. (1) many “rotten boroughs ” are cancelled （2）many new ats (席位) were given to the most populous (人口稠密的)
countries. (3) the total electorates incread to 217000. But working class still didn ’t have to right to vote.
32. the Chartist Movement: 1839-1848, the working class in Britain had a movement to realize the “people people’’s
charter charter”” , in fact , they wanted to have the universal suffrage. The chartist had two groups : moral force and physical force. At last, the Chartist Movement failed, but the working
class entered the history stage for the first as an independent political force.
33. the Opium War: In 1840, the Chine government issued a law to stop the importing opium from Britain, to the Britain launched a war. The Qing Government surrendered (投降) to the Britain and signed the unequal
Treaty :Nanjing Treaty in 1842.
34. 34. the the the Fabian Fabian Fabian Society Society ：It It was was was founded founded in in 1883-1884. 1883-1884. 1883-1884. It It It included included included the the the famous famous famous men men men such such such as as as G.B.Shaw G.B.Shaw G.B.Shaw and and
H.G H.G.Wells, who played an important role in 20.Wells, who played an important role in 20
th century labour party. 35.the 35.the Statute Statute Statute of of of Westminster: Westminster: Westminster: It It It was was was pasd pasd pasd in in in 1931 1931 1931 and and and it it it gave gave gave the the the legislative legislative legislative recognition recognition recognition to to to the the the relation relation between British Kingdom her dominions. The dominions are independent in all aspects except the name.
36. NATO: It is the acronym for North Atlantic Treaty Organization, it is founded in 1949.
37. 37. Margaret Margaret Margaret Thatcher: Thatcher: Thatcher: She She She was was was the the the first first first woman woman woman Prime Prime Prime Minister Minister Minister in in in British British British history. history. history. She She She was was was in in in power power power from from
1979-1990. She was called “iron lady ”
becau she controlled Britain ’s money policy tightly. She made Britain prosperous in the 1980s.
38.Downing 38.Downing Street Street Street Declaration: Declaration: Declaration: It It It is is is a a a document document document between between between Britain Britain Britain and and and Ireland Ireland Ireland in in in 1993. 1993. 1993. According According According to to to the the Downing Street Declaration, the future of Northern Ireland shold depend on the wished of majority.
39.BBC: Its full name is British Broadcast Co-operation. It was established in 1922, it has 4 r
adio channels, and the programs are broadcasted in 39 languages. There is no advertiment in BBC programs, the money is from the people who watch the TV .
40.GCE: Its full name is General Certificate Education. It refers to the exam of the condary middle school, if the students can pass the exam, he can get the GCE.
41.Reuters: Ruters is one of the 4 news agencies in the West, it was founded in 1851, it has 11000 employees and 1300 photographers and reporters in more than 80 countries.
42. 42. the the the Royal Royal Royal Society: Society: Society: It It It is is is a a a British British British organization organization organization to to to study study study science science science and and and one one one of of of the the the most most most famous famous famous scientific scientific
organizations in the world. It was founded in 1660 and Issac Newton was its president for 23 years.
43. Whitehall: It is the most important street in London, some of the government offices are in Whitehall, such as: Home Office, Finance Office, etc.
44. St. Paul ’s Cathedral: the biggest and most well-known church in London , a typical(典型的) building of Renaissance(文艺复兴).
45.Westminster Abbey: It is a national shrine. Many famous literary persons or scientific persons are buried here. In 1066, William the Conqueror crowned himlf in the Westminster Abbey.
46.John Bull: the nickname of England or a typical English man.
47.Speaker: the presiding officer(leader) of the Hou of Commons in British.
48.Hollidays:
(1) Christmas Day: It is on 25
th , Dec to celebrate the birth of Jesus. On Christmas Day, people will go home from far places, eat Turkey with families, and children will get the prent from Christmas Father.
(2) (2) Boxing Day:
Boxing Day: It It is is is on on on the the the first first first weekday weekday weekday after after after Christmas. Christmas. Christmas. It It It is is is a a public public holiday holiday holiday in in in England, England, England, Wale Wale Wale and and Northern Ireland. On Boxing Day, houhold employees or other rvice workers can receive some gifts. (3) Guy Fawkes Day: It is a day to celebrate a event in English history. A man Guy Fawkes wanted to blow
up(炸平) the parliament in 5th , Nov and he was caught in the Hou of Commons.
(4) (4) Armistice
Armistice Armistice Day: Day: Day: The The The day day day is is is also also also called called called Remembrance Remembrance Remembrance Day. Day. Day. It It It is is is a a a patriotic patriotic patriotic day day day on on on 11th, 11th, 11th, Nov, Nov, Nov, to to remember the British or foreigners who died in World War Two.
49. 49. Protestantism: Protestantism: a main group of Christianity, parated from the Roman Catholic Church by the Reformation in 1534.
50.Salvation Army: one of the main nonconformist denominations, founded in London in 1865,They preach the story of Jesus Christ, and do social work to help the poor and sick. They are almost military.
51. Parliament : It refers to the legislature(立法机构) in Britain. The parliament has 3 parts: the Crown, the Hou of Lords and the Hou of Commons.
52. Hou of of Lords: Lords: Lords: It It It is is is the the the oldest oldest oldest part part part in Parliament in Parliament which which comes comes comes from from from the Great the Great Council. Council. The Hou of The Hou of Lords Lords doesn doesn doesn’’t t have have have real real real power. power. power. Normally Normally Normally speaking, speaking, speaking, the the the Hou Hou Hou of of of Lords Lords Lords can can can stop stop stop the the the law law law passing passing passing into into into the the
legislation, but after 1949, the Hou of Lords can not can stop the law passing into the legislation.
53. the Hou of Commons: The Hou of Commons has 650 ats. The members of it are not pointed but are elected.. It has the real power. Strong part of the Hou Commons forms
the government, the weak part of the Hou Commons forms the Opposition. The leader of the Hou of Commons is called Speaker/President of Chamber.
54. Opposition: The weak part of the Hou Commons forms the Opposition. They criticize the government or government government’’s policy, and give their new policies.
55.Scotland Yard: It is the headquarters(总部) of Criminal Investigation Department in London. It has a history of 150 years. It does criminal detection, police training etc.
55. the Mississippi River :It is the longest and most important river in the USA, and one of the greatest river in the world. It has two branches: Missouri and Ohio. It is 6262 km long.
56. the five Great Lakes: the five Great Lakes are in the place between America and Canada. They are: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior.
57. the Niagara Falls: It refers to the Falls between Erie and Ontario in North America, 1240m wide, and 49m deep. Every year, thousands of visitors come here to enjoy it.
58. Yellow Stone National Park: It is located in the northwest of Wyoming. It is the oldest national park in the world. A great number of wildlife live there.
59. Grand Canyon: Grand Canyon lies in Arizonan, it is the one of the wonders （奇迹）（奇迹） in the world. Its wall has many layers, which tells you the story of the earth formation.
免费学英语软件60. Old Faithful: It is the most famous geyr （火山）（火山） in Yellow Stone National Park. It erupts more than 100 feet in the air every 73min.
61. Pearl Harbor: It is the ba of the Pacific Fleet of the USA, near the city Honolulu in Hawaii.
62. 62. Microsoft: Microsoft: Microsoft: It It It is is is the the the most most most famous famous famous computer computer computer company company company founded founded founded in in in 1975 1975 1975 by by by Bill Bill Bill Gates. Gates. Gates. Now, Now, Now, it it it plays plays plays an an important role in the world.
63. 63. Christopher Christopher Christopher Columbus: Columbus: Columbus: He He He was was was an an an Italian; Italian; Italian; he he he believed believed believed that that that the the the earth earth earth is is is round. round. round. In In In 1492, 1492, 1492, he he he discovered discovered
America and in 1498 he discovered the main land of South America.
64. The Stamp Act: When Britain controlled the America, it issued a law: the stamp paper must be ud for legal documents. It was pasd in 1765 and stopped in 1766.
65. the Boston Massacre: In 1770, a little boy in Boston threw a small stone to the British soldiers, and British soldiers fired at the people, with 4 died and many wounded. After it, the American people united together to fight against the British army.
66.Committees of Correspondence: In 1772, the Boston town meeting appointed “Committees of Correspondence ” to call people to unite together to fight against the British army.
67. the Boston Tea Act: When Britain controlled America, according to the “Tea Act ”, East Indian Company
exported tea to America to make money. In 1773, some Boston men got on the English ship and poured the tea into the a. The Boston Tea Act showed the fighting spirit of Americans.
68. the First Continental Congress: It was held in 1714 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed that they wouldn ’t buy any goods from England until the objectional law was stopped.
69. the Second Continental Congress: It was held in 1715 in Philadelphia. The leaders in the Congress agreed to nt army around Boston and made George Washington as the commander.
70. the Articles of the Confederation: At the end of the Independent War, the people meet a question. How the United States should be governed? So a constitution （the Articles of the Confederation ）
was made. In 1781, it was accepted by all the states.
71. the Sedition Act: It was made by John Adam, any one shouldn ’t stir up the hatred to the government. It was
oppod by Republican Party, and was stopped by Jefferson in 1800.
72. 72. Monroe Monroe Monroe Doctrine: Doctrine: Doctrine: It It It was was was made made made by by by President President President Monroe Monroe Monroe in in in 1823. 1823. “America America is is is American American American’’s s America America ”. According to the doctrine, European countries shouldn’t open any colony in North America or
South America, and shouldn ’t interfere the everything in America. And America shouldn’t shouldn’t open any colony in open any colony in
Europe, and shouldn ’t interfere the everything in Europe.
73. Westward Movement: In the early time of 19th century, more Europeans immigrated to America to find a
better life, but in the northeast, they found themlves still poor. So the farmers without land and workers without work went to the west part. Now, the west part is developed and wild land is farmed.
74. Douglas ’ Bill: It is a bill made by Douglas, a person in nate. According to the bill, the slavery is possible in some states, e.g.: Kentucky or Nebraska.
75. 75. Republican Republican Republican Party: Party: Party: The The The Party Party Party was was was founded founded founded in in in 1854; 1854; 1854; the the the members members members of of of this this this party party party were were were against against against the the the slavery. slavery.
Lincoln is the famous leader from this party.
76. Abraham Lincoln: In 1860, Lincoln was elected president. He played an important role in the Civil War and and made made made two two two important important important documents: documents: documents: Homestead Homestead Homestead Bill, Bill, Bill, and and and Emancipation Emancipation Emancipation Proclamation. Proclamation. Proclamation. In In In 1864, 1864, 1864, he he he was was
elected for the cond time. He was killed in 1865.
77. the Confederate Union: After Lincoln was elected as president in 1860, the ven southern states, t up a country “the Confederate Union ”. They wanted to keep the slavery in it.
78. Homestead Bill: It is one of the documents by Lincoln, according to the bill, the farmers and ttlers got enough land. So Lincoln got their support and the agriculture in the South developed.
79. “Open Door Policy ”
:
It is the policy which is made by Theodore Roovelt in Chine-American relation. By the policy, American invaded China by force and culture.
80. the American Federation of Labor : the first national union in America .
81. the League of Nations: According to Wilson ’s Fourteen Points, the League of Nations is t up to keep the world peace. But it is controlled by England and France.
82. the Washington Conference : In 1921,China , America and other countries held a meeting in Washington, and this is called the Washington Conference. The Washington Conference strengthened the power of Far East and Pacific Area.
83. the Great Depression: It happened 1929-1933. In 1929, the New York Stock Market failed, many factories clod down, many workers lost jobs, many products found no markets. Many extra goods were destroyed.
84. the New Deal: It was made by Franklin ∙D ∙Roovelt in 1932. According to the deal, in the country, many public projects were made to increa the employment; at broad, American strengthened the old market and found new market.
85. 85. Franklin·Franklin·Franklin·D·D·D·Roovelt Roovelt ：He He was was was a a a member member member of of of Democratic Democratic Democratic Party Party Party and and and was was was the the the 3232nd president president in in in America. America. During 1929-1933, he made a New Deal, and made many contributions in WWII.
86.the Battle of Midway Island: In the Battle of Midway Island, America defeated the Japane United Fleet. This is the turning point of the Pacific War.
87. NATO: The full name is North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was t up in 1949. the main purpo was to form a political cooperation to fight against Russia.
就餐英语
88. 88. the the the Warsaw Warsaw Warsaw Pact: Pact: Pact: It It It was was was t t t up up up in in in 1955, 1955, 1955, the the the main main main purpo purpo purpo was was was to to to form form form a a a political political political cooperation cooperation cooperation to to to fight fight against NA TO.
89. 89. the the the United United United Nations: Nations: Nations: In In In 1945, 1945, 1945, 48 48 48 countries countries countries had had had a a a meeting meeting meeting in in in San San San Francisco, Francisco, Francisco, they they they agreed agreed agreed t
o to to t t t up up up a a organization to keep the world peace. So the United Nations was founded.
90.Trueman Doctrine: The Doctrine was made by President Truman in 1947. The purpo of the Doctrine was : ① expand the influence of America ② suppress the struggle of the different countries.
