英汉法律翻译教程 孙万彪
前言
合同有一定的模式和一般性的条款。
法律翻译的基本标准。“忠实通顺”
法律翻译的难处：对法律用于的理解，长句的解读和翻译。
导论：法律文件的翻译
法律英语的严肃性和严密性
法律文件往往使用正式的词语，被赋予专门意义并已进入法律英语范畴的普通词语，英语古词语，外来词语，法律属于和行话，套话。
法律文件之中经常会不少结构复杂，文辞冗长的句子。法律文件最突出的特点是客观公正，不带主观色彩，因而句子中较少出现人称主语， 更多的是被动语态和名词化结构。
法律翻译，直译。应对法律文件的每一个词（包括虚词）都不能掉以轻心，应该按其在法律语境中的意思进行翻译。即使是介词也应当重视。
翻译长句，应该在准确理解句子的完整意思的基础上，按中国所习惯的时间顺序（如由过去，现在到将来），和逻辑思维顺序（如“因”而“果柜子英文”），将英语原句译成符合汉语表达习惯的文字。“allot拆分——整合”的处理方式。
法律翻译工作者除了在英语和汉语的功底和写作能力有较高的要求，同时还需要有一点个法律和经济方面的知识。
1． 人称代词和物主代词的翻译
汉语里的人称代词不多。在英语里，凡是能用人称代词取代名词的地方都用代词。汉语有重复名次的强，而不会过多使用人称代词。 法律翻译之中只有代词“其”才是最合适的。
三种翻译方法：
1． 译成汉语代词
(a) Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of its rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party.
未经事先允许，任何一方不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给第三方。
2． 译成所代替的名词
(a) This Contract is executed in Chine. If necessary, it may be translated into other languages. 本合同以中文文本签署。如有必要，本合同可译成其他文字。
(b) This Agreement constitues the entire agreeement between the parties with respect to its subject matter, and no variation of this Agreement shall be dffective unless made in writing and signed by all of the parties. 本协议构成双方关于本协议标的的完整协议，对本协议的任何修改，只有通过书面形式并经双方签字后方能生效。
3． 省略不译
无忧工作
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(a) The formation of this Contract, its validity, interpretation, execution and ttlement of disputes in connection herewith shall be governed by the laws of the People’s Republic of China. 本合同的订立，效力，解释，执行和合同争议的解决，均受中华人民共和国法律的管辖。
(b) A certificate issued by the Chamber of Commerce or other appropriate authority where such circumstances occur shall be sufficient proof of the existence of such circumstances and their duration. 不可抗力事件发生地的商会或其他有关部门出具的证明，应足以证明不可抗力事件的存在和延续的时间。
Assignment/transfer 转让
1. Neither Party may assign this Agreement, in whole or in part, without the other Party’s prior written connt, except to (i) any corporation resulting from any merger, consolidation or other reorganization invilving the assigning Party, and (ii) any entity to which the assigning Party may transfer all or substantially all of its asts; provided that t
he assignee agrees in writing to be bound by all the terms and conditions of the Agreement and provides documentation as evidence that the assignee has the ability and capability of meeting all of the obligations under this Agreement.
任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意，不得转让本协议的全部或部分，除非转让给（i）涉及转让方的因兼并，合并或其他重组而产生的任何公司，（ii）转让方可以向其转让全部或绝大部分资产的实体；但受让方须书面同意受本协议所有条款和条件约束，并提供文件证明受让方有资格、有能力履行本协议项下的全部义务。
2. Without prior written approval, no Party shall assign any and all of it rights and interests and delegate its responsibilities under this Agreement to any third party. However, Party B shall have the right to assign its rights and interests and delegates its responsibilities hereunder to an affiliate; provided that Part B shall continue to warrant that such affiliate will complete the purcha of the equity interest in the manner contemplated by this Agreement.
任何一方未经事先书面批准， 不得将其在本协议项下的任何和全部权利和权益让与及将其
在本协议项下的责任委托给任何第三方。但乙方有权将其在本协议项下的权利和权益让与及将其在本协议项下的责任委托给一家关联公司，但是乙方应继续保证该关联公司将以本协议拟定的方式完成对股权的购买。
3. Neither Party hereto shall assign this Agreement or any of its rights and interests herunder without the other Party’s prior written connt, which shall not be unreasonably withheld. Notwithstanding the above provision of this Clau, (a) Party A shall have the right to assign its rights to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity as long as Party A remains liable to perform all of its obligations under this Agreement as applicable, and (b) Party B may, without the connt of Party A, assign in whole, but not in part, its rights herunder to any subsidiary, affiliate or successor entity of Party B or its ultimate parent company (provided that any such assignment to any such subsidiary shal not be deemed as a relea of Party B’s obligations hereunder unless Party A shall have given prior written connt to any such relea and Party B shall remain liable to Party A in respect of any breach of this Clau.) Any attempted assignment in contravention of this Clau shall be void.
本协议任何一方未经另一方事先书面同意（该另一方不得无理拒绝同意），不得转让本协议或其在本协议项下的任何权利和权益。尽管本条有上述规定，但(a)甲方有权将其权利让与任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体，只要在适用情况下，加方仍有责任履行其在本协议项下的全部义务，(b)乙方可以无须经加方同意，将其在本协议项下的全部（而不是部分）权力让与乙方的任何子公司、关联公司或继承实体或其最终的母公司（但是像任何该等子公司进行转让，不应被视为解除一方在本协议项下的义务，除非甲方已事先书面同意予以解除，且乙方若违反本条规定仍需对甲方负有责任）。任何试图违反本条规定进行的转让均为无效。
你有权保持沉默
Hereto ,hereunder 中的here 系指this Agreement, hereto =to this Agreement, hereunder= under this Agreement
Shall 用在法律文件中，表示法律规定的义务，legal obligation 翻译成“应”
Should 表示道义上的义务，moral obligation 翻译成如何缓解工作压力“应该”，“应当”
Notwithstanding 尽管，正式用语
英语病假条
Such 是典型的法律用语，用以指前面提及的人或事，一般译为“该（等）”，有时视上下文也可译作“上述”、“前述”。
4. Transfer of Registered Capital 注册资本的转让
(a) Either Party may transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to the Company to any third party, provided that it first obtains the unanimous approval of the Board and the approval of the Approval Authority and complies with the provisions of this Article.
任何一方均可将其在公司注册资本中的全部和部分出资转让给第三方，但该等转让首先须经董事会一致通过及审批及格的批转，并符合本条的规定。
Registered capital contribution = contribution to the registered capital 在注册资本中的出资额
Board =the board of directors 董事会
Approval Authority = the examination and approval authority 审批机构
(b) When a Party ( the “ Disposing Party”) wishes to transfer all or part of its registered capital contribution to a third party, it shall provide a written notice ( the “Notice”) to the other Party ( the “ Non-disposing Party”). The Notice shall state that the Disposing Party wishes to make the transfer and shall specify the interest it wishes to transfer, the terms and conditions of the transfer, and the identity of the propod transferee. ( the “ Transferee”).
一方（“转让方”crazier）欲将其全部或部分注册资本出资额转让给第三方时，nellie mckay 应向另一方（“非转让方”）提供书面通知（“通知”重要的英文）。通知应表明转让方欲转让其出资，明确欲转让的股权、转让的条款和条件及受让人（“受让人”）的身份。
