20GG年TeGt1
Everybodylovesafatpayri.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulear nthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationfors lacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohu man,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalsw ouldnotbecapab leofthisfinelydevelopednofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandF ransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublis hedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.
人人都喜欢大幅加薪,但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候,那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话,你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之常情”,其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不满意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的SarahBrosnan和FransdeWaal进行的一项研究表明,它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
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Therearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkey s.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysha retheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterpar
ts,theytend topaymuchclorattentiontothevalueof“goodsandrvices”thanmales.
伙计们请起立
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱,性格温顺,合作,乐于分享食物。最重要的是,就象女人们一样,它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。
Suchcharacteristicsmakethemper fectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’san dDr.deWaal’sstudy.Therearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkey stoeGchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoe
Gchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeysw ereplacedinparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobrvewha ttheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydi fferent.
crossction
这些特性使它们成为Brosnan和deWaal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下,猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是,当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里,能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时,猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluGurygoods(andmuchpreferablet ocucumbers).SowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeineGchangeforherto ken,thecondwasreluctant
tohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.A ndifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokenineGchangeatall ,theothereithertosdherowntokenattherearcheroroutofthechamber,o rrefudtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themereprenceofagrapei ntheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wanoughtoinducer entmentinafemalecapuchin.
在卷尾猴的世界里,葡萄是奢侈品(比黄瓜受欢迎得多)。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时,第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话,那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外,或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上,只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄(不管有没有猴子吃它),都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
Therearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguided bysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Su chco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingc
heated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,items,arenottheprerveofpeo plealone.Refusingalesrrewardcompletelymakesthefeelingsabundant lycleartoothermembersofth
egroup.However,whethersuchanoffairne svolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromt hecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunan sweredquestion.
研究人员指出,正如人类一样,卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外,它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时,这种合作才可能稳定。义愤感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成,还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先,这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby
[A]posingacontrast.[B]justifyinganassumption.
[C]makingacomparison.[D]eGplainingaphenomenon.
幼儿英语早教机构在开头段中,作者通过怎样的方法引入他的话题?
[A]提出对比[B]证明一个假设
英文信格式[C]进行比较[D]解释一种现象
22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,Paragraph1)impliesthat
[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals.
[B]rentingunfairnessisalso monkeys’nature.
[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother.
[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions. “itisalltoomonkey”(第一段最后一行)这句话暗示。
[A]猴子也会对懒散的对手感到很愤怒
u your brain
[B]反对不公也是猴子的本性[C]猴子就像人类一样会互相嫉妒
[D]除了猴子以外,没有其他动物能产生这种情感
23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechonfortherearchmostprobablybe cautheyare
[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget.
[B]attentivetorearchers’instructions.
[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament.
nightwish nemo
[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions.
母卷尾猴之所以被选为研究对象的最重要原因是它们
in addition to[A]更会权衡它们得到的东西[B]认真听研究人员的指挥
[C]外表和性情都很好[D]比公卷尾猴更加大方
24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemo nkeys
[A]prefergrapestocucumbers.
[B]canbetaughttoeGchangethings.
[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated.
[D]areunhappywhenparatedfromothers.
children的音标
Brosnan博士和deWaal博士最终在他们的研究中发现猴子
[A]比起黄瓜更喜欢葡萄[B]能够学会交换东西
youtobe视频[C]如果感到受骗就会拒绝合作[D]在于其它猴子分开时就会不开心
25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?
[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.
[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.
[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.
[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.
我们可以从最后一段中推断出什么?
[A]猴子经过训练可以发展出社会情感[B]人类义愤的来源不得而知
[C]动物通常能像人类一样公开地表达自己的情感
[D]猴子之间的合作只有在野外时才能稳定保持
20GG年TeGt2
Doyourememberallthoyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwo uldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevid encewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywas outtodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?Lot sofAmericansboughtthatnonn,andoverthreedecades,some10million smokerswenttoearlygraves.
还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡,而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据,科学也不确定的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式,而政府应该置身事外的时候吗?对于这些谬论,竟然有许多美国人买账,(结果)三十多年来,大约有一千万烟民早早就进了坟墓。
Thereareupttingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothert rytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.Thelatestwasapanelfr omtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHou,totellusth attheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargel yman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourl ves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAca
demy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypoin tintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsc