翻译技巧——分与合
一、分译
分译就是根据行文需要，将一句译为几句。亦称化整为零法。
（一）、将原文中的某一部分抽出来，单独译成一句。
1.The year 1983 began----and ended----with an unusual oil crisis: fears that the price of crude oil would not
go up but down.
1983年新年伊始，就存在着一种异乎寻常的石油危机：人们担心原油价格要下降，而不是上扬。这一年结束的时候，情况依然如故。
2.This exquisite harmony between nature and Man explains in part the enchantment (心醉，乐趣；诱惑) of the
older Britain, in which whole towns fitted snugly（温暖而舒适的；紧贴的）into the landscape, as if they were no more than bits of woodland.
自然和人之间的无比和谐正是英国从前部分魅力所在。当时的英国，整个城镇就像片片树林一样，巧妙地融入风景画中。
3.The popular reaction to the debt problem particularly in the United States, was try to punish the banks for
having lent money to developing countries rather than to neighborhood companies.
一般人对债务问题的反应是试图惩罚这些银行，责怪它们把钱借给了发展中国家，而不是借给本地的公司。在美国，情况尤其如此。
（二）、将较长的一句分译为数句。
1.Her boyfriend has recently returned home from Long Island and he told her of the hou where he was
boarded, and lodged, a red-tiled（瓷砖）bungalow, on a little hill, overlooking the blue a, with a large, shady garden behind it.
她的男友刚从长岛回国不久。他跟她谈起了供他吃住的那座房子。那是一栋坐落在小山上的红瓦平方，俯视着蓝色的大海，房后还有一个大大的绿树成荫的花园。
2.It is obvious that his period in office was marked by steep ri in his country’s oil revenues and the
beginning of social-political crisis brought out by wide-scale misu of the $22 billion a year earning from oil.
他执政期间有两个特点：一是该国的石油收入猛增；二是由于每年滥用220亿美元的石油收入而开始形成社会政治危机。这是显而易见的。
3.Achieving the will depend, in very large measure, upon the mobilization and education of the entire
population, in particular, on improving the education of girls and women-----who are, at once, the most educational deprived part of the population and that with the greatest unexploited potential and talent.
要达到这些目的，在很大程度上要依赖于动员和教育全体人民，尤其要依赖于改善女童和妇女的教育。在全部人口中，她们既是在教育权利上受剥夺最甚的一部分，又是具有最大的尚未发掘的潜力和才能的一部分。
（三）、将一词分译成不同表达方式
1.The magazine was ably and eloquently conducted, and the general tenor（主旨，大意）of its articles was to
urge onward the national economy.
nessie这家杂志经营得宜，立论令人信服，文章的主旨是促进国民经济的发展。
2.I respect them; they are good citizens, good husbands and good father.
我尊重他们：他们是守法公民，尽职的丈夫，慈祥的父亲。
3.Some Americans pop across the border simply to fuel up（添加燃料，加油）on flavorful Mexican food ad
beer.
一些美国人匆匆越过边界，只是为了吃点可口的墨西哥食品，喝点味美的墨西哥啤酒。
二、合译sleeptight
根据行文紧凑、简练的原则，将两句或数句并译成一句。
1.This novel is of no great literary merit. It is merely a potboiler（仅为赚钱而创作的书、画等）.
christmas in my heart歌词这部小说纯属胡编乱造，没有多大文学价值。
2.A man in a newish（相当新的）suburb feels that he has one foot in the city and one in the country. As this is
the kind of compromis he likes, he is happy.
住在新郊区的人，觉得一只脚在城里，一只脚在乡下，非常开心，因为这种城乡妥协之地是他喜欢的。
3.Nine of the 13 children have never held a meaningful job, nor do they care to. Only one of the boys finished
high school. Two of the girls became teenage mothers and lived on welfare. One of the girls lived a fast life that came to crashing end at 22. （合译时充分发挥标点符号的作用）
在13个孩子中，9个没有像样的工作，他们对此毫不在乎；只有一个男孩读完了中学；两个女孩未成年别做了母亲（两个女孩是少女妈妈），靠救济度日；还有一个女孩放荡不羁，年仅22岁变猝然死去。
三、分合并举
1.Although the size of the task waiting to be carried out is daunting（使胆怯，使气馁）and there are many
hurdles to be overcome, it would be wrong to end my address on a note of pessimism. Many countries have already made considerable progress in this regard.
尽管等待我们去完成的任务的规模令人畏惧，尽管有许多障碍有待克服，但是以悲观的调子来结束我的发言是错误的，因为许多国家在此方面已经取得了可观的成绩。
2.It does not suffice（足够）to proclaim（宣告；显示）the goals; one also has to work to achieve them,
abigail johnsonpragmatism must be watchword（标语，口号）: idealistic approaches that fail to take into account the realities of the situation are doomed to failure. Constraints in the way of implementation of programs must be taken into consideration. It must be understood that budgetary resources available to governments are limited.
仅仅宣布这些目标是不够的，我们还必须用工作来完成它们。应以务实精神为座右铭，不考虑实际情
况的理想方法是注定要失败的。必须考虑到在执行计划过程中所遇到的困难，必须明白各国政府所能支配的财政预算十分有限。
翻译技巧------主与从
一、整体与局部
语言自身的统一性，语言与经验世界的统一性；局部服从整体
1.整体意识
1）They have bolted. They’re left bills all over the place.
译文1：他们溜走了。他们留下了满地的债。
译文2：他们溜了，留下一屁股债。
tender是什么意思2) Plunging（move suddenly forward）through the woods, the little swine-head was coming towards her, in a shaggy (long and untidy) cap, a short sheep-skin jacket.
译文1：小猪倌穿过树林向她走来，戴着一顶蓬蓬松松的帽子，穿着一件羊皮夹克。
译文2：树林里突然钻出一个人朝她走来，原来是小猪倌。他戴着一顶蓬蓬松松的帽子，穿着一身羊皮夹克。
2.重视句间连接
1)One moment he’s in China. The next he’s in Panama. Then, almost before you know it, Carter is swooping
down （突袭）on Africa. And this week, the former president is to convene（召集）negotiations between the
government of Ethiopia and the Eritrean rebels.
卡特这位美国前总统一会儿跑到中国，一会儿跑到巴拿马，后来又神不知鬼不觉地对非洲来个突然袭击，而本周他将把埃塞俄比亚政府和埃利特里亚的反政府分子召集在一起，进行谈判。
2)In other places the consular task was, in the state Department phra, bridge-building; in A yer Hitam1I was
dismantling a bridge-----not a difficult job: we had never been very popular with the Malays.
在别的地方，用（美国）国务院的话来说，领事馆的任务是搭桥；但在亚逸依淡，我的任务却是拆桥——这工作倒不难：我们从来都不是受马来人欢迎的。
3.从整体关系上把握个别词的力度
1)In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I’ve been turning over in my
mind ever since.
在我年轻、幼稚的时候，父亲曾给了我一番教诲，我一直铭记在心。
2)Now and then he turned his eyes from the girl’s face to that of the partner, which in the exhilaration of
dance, had taken on a look of imprudent（轻率的）ownership.
他时而转移他的木管从女子的脸上到她的舞伴的脸上，那张脸在跳舞的狂热之中俨然有“佳人属我”
的精神。（吕叔湘译）
二、主要信息与次要信息
一句话或一段话若有两个或两个以上的内容，其中可能有一个是主要的，二其余的可能是次要的。这主要是取决于讲话人（或作者）的意图。英语和汉语都基本上遵循“先轻后重，先次要后重要”的原则，但由于心理因素的作用，也有许多例外。
For the Far west in General and California in particular, the issue of the late 1980s will be how to maintain the quality of life in an era of galloping growth to last into the next century.
对整个美国西部，特别是对加利福尼亚来说，80年代末期所面临的问题是，在一个人口迅速增长并且有可能持续到下个世纪的时代里，如何保持生活质量。
1. 添词法
1) There were three married couples and Jordan’s escort（护卫者）, a persistent undergraduate given to violent innuendo（间接影射；讽刺）, and obviously under the impression that sooner or later Jordan was going to yield him up （向…屈服）her person to a greater or less degree.
一共有三对夫妇，外加一个陪同乔丹来的男大学生，此人死乞白赖，说起话来老是旁敲侧击，并且显然认为乔丹早晚会或多或少委身于他的。巫宁坤译：《了不起的盖茨比》
2) I do not in that period remember his ever saying a complimentary word to me.
根据我的记忆，他在那个时期没有夸奖过我一句。
2.次要信息并入主要信息
1) After the latest round of talks, they were still unable to agree on a number of points.
最新一轮会谈仍未使他们在许多问题上取得一致意见。
2) White and black citizens lived and worked very cloly together in most communities.weib
ricci
大多数社区的白人和黑人一起生活，一起工作，关系非常密切。
3主次信息与主从句结构一致
1)As New Y ork stock prices were down sharply Monday, Down Jones index average fell 3 points.
随着星期一纽约股市价格的暴跌，道琼斯指数平均下滑了三个百分点。
2)Becau of her medical knowledge, she was soon transferred part-time to a little clinic, where she
performed the rvices of a nur.
qps由于她具有医学知识，很快就被调到一间小诊所兼做护士工作。
1A yer Hitam is a rest town (Bandar persinggahan) in Johor（柔佛）, Malaysia.
4主次信息与主从句结构不一致时，要斟酌主要信息
She wears an expensive suit which looked better on a model in Bendel’s than it does on her.
她这身昂贵的衣服，穿在本多尔的服装模特儿身上要比穿在她身上好看些。
5通过译文内在的逻辑关系，暗示主次
1)I was just thinking about getting up when a knock was heard on my door.
我正欲起床，忽然听到敲门声。
2) How do you expect me to do my work with you getting in my way all the time?
我怎么工作，你老是打搅我？
翻译技巧——顺与逆
一、顺译法
顺译就是在正确理解原句意义的基础上，把句子按照意群拆成一个个部分，然后把各部分按先后顺序译出。必要时，加上适当的词连接上下文，合意成句。顺译法是比较简单的一种拆译法，运用时应注意句子语气的连贯和前后的衔接。
兰花的英文1.Our country along with other developing countries is experiencing acute shortage of skilled workers,
engineers, technicians, administrative and managerial personnel, so we should like to ask you to provide for the training of as many operating personnel as possible.
我国像其他发展中国家一样，严重缺乏技术熟练工人，工程技术人员和行政管理人员。因此，我们请贵方提供方便，尽可能多地培训上述工作人员。
2.The first man to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on becau
of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern intellectual electrical technology, without which we can scarcely conceive of contemporary life.
那些最早研究电的性质的人们可能并没有料到，他们那些只是出于求知的欲望而进行的实验，最终竟产生了现代电业技术，而没有这种技术我们当今的生活简直不可想象。
3.When she sat at her piano trilling（颤声）songs with a lightsome heart, the stranger (agree to give sb. sth. by
voting)in a little paradi of domestic comfort, and agreed that even if the husband was rather stupid, the wife was charming, and the dinners the pleasantest in the world.
陌生人看见她无忧无虑地坐在钢琴旁边唱歌，总觉得这是美满家庭，人间乐园，做丈夫的虽然蠢些，那妻子却实在可爱，而且每逢宴请宾客，都是宾主尽欢。
二、逆译法
常用逆译法来翻译“先议后叙”的英文句子。注意一下几个问题：
1.要求译者有较高的理解能力，合理划分意群。
2.要求在逆着原文顺序翻译时，不改变原文的思想、语气和重点。
3.组合句子要符合逻辑，上下衔接，意义连贯。
weakness1.It is reasonable to provide for the repayment of the credit in hard currency2as well, if the traditional export
goods are not available.
在不能用传统出口商品偿还的情况下，用硬通货还贷款是合情合理的。
2.Both plants and animals of many sorts show remarkable changes in form, structure, growth habits, and
even mode of reproduction in becoming adapted to different climatic environment, types of food supply, or mode of living.
在逐渐适应不同的气候环境、养料来源或生活方式的过程中，许多种类的动植物在外形、构造、生活习惯甚至繁殖方式方面都发生了显著的变化。
3.It will take nearly 1,000 years for women to gain the same economic and political clout as men if current 2投资者对其有信心的价值稳定的货币，比如美元、瑞士法郎（Swiss Franc）
trends continue, a UN report says.
联合国一项报告说，照目前趋势看，妇女要在经济上合政治上具有同男子一样的影响力，还需要将近1000年的时间。
三、顺逆结合
所谓顺逆结合，就是把原文按意群划分之后，从中间一个意群译起，顺着往下拆译，然后再返回去译前边剩余的意群。
1.It was ironical to reflect that if I had not lived in France for so long I would never have found it
necessary---or possible--- to visit the American South.
如果不是在法国住了那么长时间，我绝不会觉得有必要，或者有可能去访问美国南方，想到这里真觉得是莫大的讽刺。
2.It was no burden to me but a relief to dictate from my general body of knowledge acquired at the summit
full explanations to one I know so well.
我根据在最高地位上所获得的全部知识来对一位我深知的人说明情况，这并不是一种负担，而是使我如释重负。
3.The face she lifted to her dancers was the same which, when she saw him, always looked like a window that
has caught the sunt.
过去她看着他时，她的脸宛如映着晚霞的窗子，现在这张脸抬起来看着别的舞伴了。
四、拆译法
1.This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classification: mechanics,
heat, light, electricity and sound.
为便于学习起见，通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。
2.Just advanced by the Russians and later picked up and made much of by certain American writers, was the
claim that U-2 pilots were worried that if the device had to be ud the CIA had rigged it in such a way that it would be exploded prematurely, thus eliminating, in one great blast, all incriminating evidence, planes and pilot.
参考译文１
Ｕ－２飞行员担心的是，中央情报局已在飞机上安放了一种装置，这种装置在需要时会提前发生强烈爆炸，把飞机、驾驶员以及一切证据将全部化为乌有。这种说法最先是由俄罗斯人提出的，后来被美国的某些文人接过来大肆宣扬。
参考译文２
有一种说法认为，Ｕ－２飞行员担心中央情报局已在这种装置中作了手脚，一旦需要启用，该装置就会提前发生强烈爆炸，令机毁人亡，一切证据都化为乌有。这种说法最先是由俄罗斯人提出的，后来被美国的某些文人接过来大肆宣扬。
参考译文３
俄罗斯人首先提出一种说的，后来美国的某些文人又接过来大肆宣扬，即认为：Ｕ－２飞行员担心的是，中央情报局已在这种装置中作了手脚，一旦需要启用，该装置就会提前发生强烈爆炸，令机毁人亡，一切证据都化为乌有。
3.The counlor for Commercial Affairs of China Embassy and the reprentative of import and export
corporations, economic and technical corporations exerci their functions and powers abroad under the leadership of Ministry for Foreign Economic Relations and Trade of China.
在国外，中国使馆商务参赞及各进出口公司、经济和技术公司的代表在中国对外经济贸易部的领导下行驶职权。
