不客气 英文Jean-Jacques Rousau (1712-1778)
环球网校怎么样French, Swiss-born writer and philosopher, who historical importance can be compared to that of Marx or Freud. Rousau's life was full of contradictions: he defended the rights of little children but consigned his five illegitimate offspring to a foundling institution. Although Rousau gained fame as an educationist, his formal education ended at about the age of twelve. He also was almost certifiably paranoid, an unsociable and quarrelsome human being, but championed man's innate goodness. Until he was 37, Rousau had written nothing except libretti for his own music. In his later age Rousau became one of the dominant thinkers of the 18th century Enlightenment. The French Nobel writer Romain Rolland once said of Rousau: "He opened into literature the riches of the subconscious, the cret movements of being, hitherto ignored and represd."
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wiggle"The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said, "This is mine," and found people na?ve enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society." (from Discours sur l'Origine et le Fondement de l'Inégalité Parmi les Hommes, 1754)
Jean Jacques Rousau was born in Geneva, Switzerland, into a Protestant family of French refugees. His mother died shortly after his birth. Rousau's father, who was a watchmaker of unstable temperament, fled from Geneva after being involved in a brawl. The young Jean-Jacques was cared for in childhood by an aunt and a maternal uncle. Rousau received very little regular training, and never adopted ideas of rigorous discipline. He was nt for a while a school in the country, kept by a retired pastor, and later he was apprenticed to an engraver (1725-28).
At the age of 16 Rousau left Geneva to travel. The next 20 years he spent traveling, studying, and adventuring. Rousau's upbringing had been Calvinist, but under the influence of his benefactress and eventually his mistress, the Vaudois Madame de Warens, he became a Roman Catholic. From 1731 until 1740 Rousau lived with or near Madame de Warens. At her country home, Les Charmettes, near Chambery in Savoy, Rousau began his first rious reading and study. 短裙英语怎么说
After moving to Paris Rousau earned his living with cretarial work and musical copyi
ng. In 1741 he met Thérè Le Vasur, a dull and unattractive hotel rvant girl, with whom he stayed for the rest of his life, never marrying her. They had five children whom Rousau allegedly consigned to Enfants-Trouvés, a foundling hospital. This was a quite a common practice of the time, but in The Confessions (1782-89) Rousau expresd his eternal and bitter regret. The celebrated autobiography is actually not a true account of his life, and also this detail has been under debate.
In 1743-44 Rousau was a cretary to the French Ambassador Comte de Montaignu to Venice, and first came into clo contact with political life and institutions. Back in Paris he was introduced through the famous philosopher Denis Diderot to the Encyclopedists. His own contributions to The Encyclopedia were mostly on musical subjects, although he wrote one on political economy. Rousau's new musical notation had been pronounced by the Academy of Sciences "neither uful nor original," and his opera, LES MUSES GALANTES, had failed.
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Rousau's life changed on the road to Vincennes when he noticed an announcement in
which the Dijon Academy was offering a prize for the best essay on the subject 'Has the progress of the arts and sciences contributed to the purification or the corruption of morals?" "All at once," Rousu wrote, "I felt mylf dazzled by a thousand sparkling lights; crowds of vivid ideas thronged into my head with a force and confusion that threw me into unspeakable agitation; I felt my head whirling in a giddiness like that of intoxication. Rousau won at the age of 38 the prize for his essay "Discours sur les sciences et les arts", and gained fame. The development of the arts and sciences, he wrote, did not improve man in habits and moral. Far from improving human behavior, the development had promoted inequality, idleness, and luxury. "If the sciences really better'd manners, if they taught man to spill his blood for his country, if they heighten'd his courage; the inhabitants of China ought to be wi, free, and invincible. - But if they are tainted with every vice, familiar with every crime; if neither the skill of their magistrates, nor the pretended wisdom of their laws, nor the vast multitude of people inhabiting that great extent of empire, could protect or defend them from the yoke of an ignorant Barbarian Tartar, of what u was all their art, all their skill, all their learning?" (from Discour on Arts and Sciences)
Around 1750 Rousau began to promulgate the romantic conception of the noble - or innocent - savage. The theme was elaborated in Rousau's cond essay, "Discours sur l'origine et les fondements de l'inégualité parmi les hommes" (1755), where he maintained that only the uncorrupted savage is in posssion of real virtue. The most famous adaptation of the idea in literature is Edgar Rice Burroughs's hero of the jungle, Tarzan. The cultivation of earth and invention of metallurgy led to the birth of work and property. People were divided into poor and rich, and laws solidified the state of affairs permanently. Despotism is the ultimate end of historical development - we are all equal becau we are slaves of one ruler.
In Rousau the feeling of 'discomfort with culture' became a target of rious study for the first time. The cultured man is degenerate, Rousau thought, and the whole history of civilization a betrayal. Rousau's naturalism was in great contrast to all that his great contemporary Voltaire considered the quintesnce of civilization. Taking riously his thesis, Rousau decided to "reform" and live the simple life. He returned in 1754 to Geneva, reverted to Protestantism, and regained citizenship. In 1756 Rousau moved t
gre词汇精选o a cottage near the forest of Montmorency.
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