英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元one off
第一篇：英语国家社会与文化入门名词解释下册3到11单元
Unit 3
1.The first english ttlement: was founded in1607in virginia, and it was organized by the London Company with a charter from the English king James I.2.Puritanism: in the 16th and 17th cent., a movement for reform in the Church of England that had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of England and America.3.The declaration of independence: written by Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, proclaimed the independence of 13 North American colonies.4.George Washington: is the first president of the United states, from 1759 to the outbreak of the American Revolution, he managed his lands around Mount Vernon.5..Benjamin Franklin: was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States of America.he is credited as being foundational to the roots of American values and character.Unit 4
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reliable是什么意思The Articles of Confederation: After the War was won, the new nation of the United States was organized under the agreement of the Articles of Confederation with a weak national government called the congress.Each state had its own government, made its own laws and handled its internal affairs.The states did not cooperate with the congress and with each other.The congress had no power to force any state to contribute money to the national government and the congress could not tax any citizen either.As a result, the Articles of Confederation failed.A federal system: It is one in which power is shared between a central authority and its constituent parts, with some rights rerved to each.The making of the U.S Constitution: The Articles of Confederation failed.The Congress decided to hold a constitutional convention to revi the Articles of Confederation.The delegates from 12 states(Rhode Island refud to participated)gathered in Philadelphia in 1787 and end up in writing a new constitution and t a federal system with a strong central government.The Constitution provided that an election of the president would be called for, federal laws would be made only by a Congress made up of the Hou of Reprentatives and the Senate and a Supreme Cou
rt would be t up.This new Constitution was finally approved by the majority of the citizens in over 9 of the 13 states and was officially put into effect in 1787.The executive: The chief executive is the president, who is elected to a four year term.A president can be elected to only two terms according to an amendment pasd in 1951.The president can propo legislation to Congress.He can veto any bill pasd by Congress.The veto can be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both hous.The president can appoint federal judges as vacancies occur.He is the commander in chief of the armed forces.The president has other broad authorities in running the government departments and handling foreign relations.The bill of rights: It consists of the first 10 amendments which were added to the Constitution in 1791.It was pasd to guarantee freedom and individual rights such as freedom of speech, the right to asmble in public places, the right to own weapons and so on.Homeland curity is short for the United States Department of Homeland Security(abbreviated as DHS).It is found on March 1,2003, and is a Cabinet department of the United States federal government with the primary responsibilities of protecting the territory of the US from terrorist attacks and responding tfederal rerve
o natural disasters.With more than 200, 000 employees, DHS is the third largest Cabinet department, after the Departments of Defen and Veterans Affairs.Other agencies with significant homeland curity responsibilities include the Department of Health and Human
Services, and Energy.Unit 5
barkley1.Eli Whitney: made cotton production more efficient by inventing the cotton gin, which rapidly removed the eds from the bolls of cotton.2.Samuel Slater: built a cotton cloth factory, which started a process of chang that turned the northeastern region of the United States into an important manufacturing center.3.Industrial revolution In England, especially machinery run by water power and later by steam power was ud to manufacture cloth, this changed the ways that people worked.4.Corporation:In the early years of the United States , banks were one of the few business organized in the form of corporations, the creation survived the death of its founder of founders.5.Service industries: industries that ll a rvice rather than make a product , and now dominate th
e economy.6.Agribusiness: has been coined to reflect the large-scale nature of agricultural enterpri in the modern US economy.7.Stock:very early, people in the United States saw that they could make money by lending it totho who wanted to start or to extend a business.That led to a creation of an important part of the current economic scene.8.Migrant workers: on large farms ,many of the workers are hired only for a specific chore, many of the asonal workers travel form farm to farm, staying only until the crops are picked.Unit 6
1.Religious liberty in the US: the great awakening of the 1740s, a “revival” movement which sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of protestant religious group.2.The baptists in the US: are the largest protestant group.They believe in adult baptism by immersion, symbolizing a mature and responsible conversion experience.3.Catholic in the US :the largest single religious group , about one-quarter of all Americans are of the Roman Catholic faith, and the majority of them are descendants of immigrants from Ireland.4.Three faiths: by the 1950s, it had developed, Americans were considered to come in three basic varieties: Protestant, Catholic and Jewish,the ord
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五美元过一天er reflecting the strength in numbers of each group.5.Religious diversity:since the US has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements, many religious communities and cular utopias in new forms of social living were founded in 18th and 18th century American.unit 7Transcendentalists In his book Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson(1803-1882)claimed that by studying and responding to nature individuals could reach a higher spiritual state without formal religion..A circle of intellectuals who were discontented with the New England establishment gathered around Emerson.They accepted Emerson’s theories about spiritual transcendence.They are known as Transcendentalists.The Scarlet Letter 红字 was published in 1850.Set in the Puritan past, this masterpiece is the stark drama of a woman harshly cast out from her community for committing the sin of adultery.In this novel, Hawthorne explored certain moral themes such as guilt, pride and emotional
repression.3 Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece.Through
the poems, Witman praid the ideas of equality and democracy and
celebrated the dignity, lf-reliant spirit and the joy of the common
黑夫人man.Unit 8
1.Elementary school: it usually means grades kindergarten(K)through 8, but in some places, the elementary school includes only grades K to 6
北京新东方网站2.Higher education: the system of higher education in the US is complex, it compris four categories of institutions:1 the university 2 the four-year undergraduate institution 3 the technical training institution 4 the two-year or community college.3.ACT: in 1944, congress pasd the rvicemen' s readjustment ACT, it promid financial aid, including aid for higher education , to member of the armed forces after the end of World War 2.4.affirmative action programs: by the end of 1960s, some colleges introduced special plans and programs to equalize educational opportunities, some of the plans were called“..”.Their goal was to make up for past inequality by giving special reference to members of minorities eking jobs or admission to college.Unit 9The Greensboro sit-in was an instrumental action, leading to incread national ntiment at a crucial period in
US history.It was a ries of nonviolent protests in 1960 which led to the Woolworth's department store chain reversing its policy of racial gregation in the Southern United States.The civil rights movement was a worldwide political movement for equality before the law occurring between approximately 1950 and 1980.it took the form of campaigns of civil resistance aimed at achieving change by nonviolent forms of resistance.3.The Montgomery Bus Boycott, a campaign lasted from December 1, 1955, when Rosa Parks, an African American woman, was arrested for refusing to surrender her at to a white person, to December 20, 1956, when a federal ruling, Browder v.Gayle, took effect, and led to a United States Supreme Court decision that declared the Alabama and Montgomery laws requiring gregated bus to be unconstitutional..Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.[1] He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.[2] King has become a national icon in the history of modern American liberalism.[3]Countercultur
e: Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of conventional society.Unit 10
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