1.) Critical Essay 2.) Literature Essay 3.) Descriptive Essay Literature Essay 1.) Introduction a. Introduction to the topic b. Thesis Statement c. Essay Outline 2.) Body Paragraph 1 a. Transition Sentence b. Essay point number 1 c. Explanation + Facts 3.) Body Paragraph 2 a. Transition Sentence b. Essay point number 1 c. Explanation + Facts 4.) Conclusion a. Transition Sentence b. Restate important points and why they support your thesis naturalism Terms commonly u in literature essays: abreast All fiction is bad on conflict and this conflict is prented in a structured format called PLOT. Exposition The introductory material which gives the tting, creates the tone, prents the characters, and prents other facts necessary to understanding the story. Foreshadowing The u of hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story. Inciting Force The event or character that triggers the conflict. Conflict The esnce of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts we encounter can usually be identified as one of four kinds. (Man versus…Man, Nature, Society, or Self) Rising Action A ries of events that builds from the conflict. It begins with the inciting force and ends with the climax. Crisis The conflict reaches a turning point. At this point the opposing forces in the story meet and the conflict becomes most inten. The crisis occurs before or at the same time as the climax.japne x x69 Climax The climax is the result of the crisis. It is the high point of the story for the reader. Frequently, it is the moment of the highest interest and greatest emotion. The point at which the outcome of the conflict can be predicted. Falling Action The events after the climax which clo the story. Resolution (Denouement) Rounds out and concludes the action. CHARACTERIZATION MAJOR CHARACTERS人教版初二英语下册 Almost always round or three-dimensional characters. They have good and bad qualities. Their goals, ambitions and values change. A round character changes as a result of what happens to him or her. A character who changes inside as a result of what happens to him is referred to in literature as a DYNAMIC character. A dynamic character grows or progress to a higher level of understanding in the cour of the story. | wait的过去式 | Protagonist The main character in the story | Antagonist 黑夜之色 The character or force that oppos the protagonist. Foil A character who provides a contrast to the protagonist. MINOR CHARACTERS Almost always flat or two-dimensional characters. They have only one or two striking qualities. Their predominant quality is not balanced by an opposite quality. They are usually all good or all bad. Such characters can be interesting or amusing in their own right, but they lack depth. Flat characters are sometimes referred to as STATIC characters becau they do not change in the cour of the story. POINT OF VIEW First Person The narrator is a character in the story who can reveal only personal thoughts and feelings and what he or she es and is told by other characters. He can’t tell us thoughts of other characters. Third-Person Objective The narrator is an outsider who can report only what he or she es and hears. This narrator can tell us what is happening, but he can’t tell us the thoughts of the characters. Third-Person Limited The narrator is an outsider who es into the mind of one of the characters. Omniscient The narrator is an all-knowing outsider who can enter the minds of more than one of the characters. CONFLICT Conflict is the esnce of fiction. It creates plot. The conflicts we encounter can usually be identified as one of four kinds. Man versus Man Conflict that pits one person against another. Man versus Nature vinegarA run-in with the forces of nature. On the one hand, it express the insignificance of a single human life in the cosmic scheme of things. On the other hand, it tests the limits of a person’s strength and will to live. Man versus Society The values and customs by which everyone el lives are being challenged. The character may come to an untimely end as a result of his or her own convictions. The character may, on the other hand, bring others around to a sympathetic point of view, or it may be decided that society was right after all. Man versus Self Internal conflict. Not all conflict involves other people. Sometimes people are their own worst enemies. An internal conflict is a good test of a character’s values. Does he give in to temptation or ri above it? Does he demand the most from himlf or ttle for something less? Does he even bother to struggle? The internal conflicts of a character and how they are resolved are good clues to the character’s inner strength. Often, more than one kind of conflict is taking place at the same time. In every ca, however, the existence of conflict enhances the reader’s understanding of a character and creates the suspen and interest that make you want to continue reading. FORESHADOWING An author’s u of hints or clues to suggest events that will occur later in the story. Not all foreshadowing is obvious. Frequently, future events are merely hinted at through dialogue, description, or the attitudes and reactions of the characters. Foreshadowing frequently rves two purpos. It builds suspen by raising questions that encourage the reader to go on and find out more about the event that is being foreshadowed. Foreshadowing is also a means of making a narrative more believable by partially preparing the reader for events which are to follow. IRONY stephen moyer Irony is the contrast between what is expected or what appears to be and what actually is. Verbal Irony The contrast between what is said and what is actually meant. Irony of Situation This refers to a happening that is the opposite of what is expected or intended. Dramatic Irony This occurs when the audience or reader knows more than the characters know. TONE/MOOD Tone The author’s attitude, stated or implied, toward a subject. Some possible attitudes are pessimism, optimism, earnestness, riousness, bitterness, humorous, and joyful. An author’s tone can be revealed through choice of words and details. Mood combinationThe climate of feeling in a literary work. The choice of tting, objects, details, images, and words all contribute towards creating a specific mood. For example, an author may create a mood of mystery around a character or tting but may treat that character or tting in an ironic, rious, or humorous tone SYMBOLISM A person, place or object which has a meaning in itlf but suggests other meanings as well. Things, characters and actions can be symbols. Anything that suggests a meaning beyond the obvious. Some symbols are conventional, generally meaning the same thing to all readers. For example: bright sunshine symbolizes goodness and water is a symbolic cleanr. THEME The main idea or underlying meaning of a literary work. A theme may be stated or implied. Theme differs from the subject or topic of a literary work in that it involves a statement or opinion about the topic. Not every literary work has a theme. Themes may be major or minor. A major theme is an idea the author returns to time and again. It becomes one of the most important ideas in the story. Minor themes are ideas that may appear from time to time. It is important to recognize the difference between the theme of a literary work and the subject of a literary work. The subject is the topic on which an author has chon to write. The theme, however, makes some statement about or express some opinion on that topic. For example, the subject of a story might be war while the theme might be the idea that war is uless. Four ways in which an author can express themes are as follows: 1. Themes are expresd and emphasized by the way the author makes us feel.. By sharing feelings of the main character you also share the ideas that go through his mind. 2. Themes are prented in thoughts and conversations. Authors put words in their character’s mouths only for good reasons. One of the is to develop a story’s themes. The things a person says are much on their mind. Look for thoughts that are repeated throughout the story. 3. Themes are suggested through the characters. The main character usually illustrates the most important theme of the story. A good way to get at this theme is to ask yourlf the question, what does the main character learn in the cour of the story? 4. The actions or events in the story are ud to suggest theme. People naturally express ideas and feelings through their actions. One thing authors think about is what an action will "say". In other words, how will the action express an idea or theme? IMAGERY: Language that appeals to the ns. Descriptions of people or objects stated in terms of our ns. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE Whenever you describe something by comparing it with something el, you are using figurative language. Any language that goes beyond the literal meaning of words in order to furnish new effects or fresh insights into an idea or a subject. The most common figures of speech are simile, metaphor, and alliteration. Simile A figure of speech which involves a direct comparison between two unlike things, usually with the words like or as. Example: The muscles on his brawny arms are strong as iron bands. Metaphor A figure of speech which involves an implied comparison between two relatively unlike things using a form of be. The comparison is not announced by like or as. Example: The road was a ribbon of moonlight. Alliteration Repeated consonant sounds occurring at the beginning of words or within words. Alliteration is ud to create melody, establish mood, call attention to important words, and point out similarities and contrasts. Example: wide-eyed and wondering while we wait for others to waken. Personification A figure of speech which gives the qualities of a person to an animal, an object, or an idea. It is a comparison which the author us to show something in an entirely new light, to communicate a certain feeling or attitude towards it and to control the way a reader perceives it. Example: a brave handsome brute fell with a creaking rending cry--the author is giving a tree human qualities. Onomatopoeia The u of words that mimic sounds. They appeal to our n of hearing and they help bring a description to life. A string of syllables the author has made up to reprent the way a sound really sounds. Example: Caarackle! Hyperbole An exaggerated statement ud to heighten effect. It is not ud to mislead the reader, but to emphasize a point. Example: She’s said so on veral million occasions Descriptive Essay: 1.) Introduction a. Introduction to the topic b. Main point in the paper c. 缺陷英文Essay Outline 2.) Body a. Break down event chronologically, in order of importance, etc. 3.) Conclusion a. Transition Sentence b. Restate important points Rearch Paper Title Page Abstract Acknowledgements Table of Contents Outline of a Critical Essay Notes: Footnotes, endnotes, and parenthetical in-text citiation Bibliography Appendix Paraphra, Summarize, Quotes |
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